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‘Henry VII’s financial policies were the most important reason for the success of his rule.’ Assess the validity of this view.
Henry VII’s careful management of financial policies were a key part in the success of his rule. However, it was not the only factor in his reigns success. Other important factors include his attitude to foreign policy and his ability to deal with rebellions. The overall most important factor in the success of his rule was his foreign policy.
A key factor in the success of Henry’s rule was his financial policies, which were carried out efficiently. For example, he made use of certain types of revenue in order to control the nobility who he wanted the loyalty of. For example, bonds and recognisances meant that nobles had to pay if they betrayed the king. An example of this is the duke of Westmorland, who had to pay £10,000 after the battle of Bosworth. This therefore meant he could not only receive money from the nobility but also control them. Furthermore, Henry’s efforts to promote trade meant that customs duties rose from £33,000 per year to £40,000 at the end, proving his financial policies were efficient and effective as it greatly increased his income by the end of his reign. Furthermore, Feudal dues such as Wardship, Livery and arranged marriages brought an income of £6,000 by 1507, which was previously £350 in 1487, showing that Henry’s acts to manage finances greatly altered his income from the start of his reign to the end of it. He exploited this income after receiving £30,000 from the knighthood of prince Arthur, his son. Other sources of income included Legal dues. An example of this was the attainder used to control William stanley, bringing an immediate payment of £9,000 and £1,000 thereafter. This shows Henry was a good king in terms of financial management, as he made a lot of money from controlling the nobility, as well as via strategic acts such as arranged marriages and other Feudal dues. His ability to control finances very effectively added to the stability of his rule as it meant he could threaten nobility that could potentially stage a rebellion against him in order to prevent them from doing so, as well as making money from promotion of trade and feudal dues, as well as creating a better image for himself.
Furthermore, another key part of the success of his reign was his foreign policies, specifically with Scotland, Spain and France. The most significant achievement of Henry VII regarding foreign policy was the treaty of Medina Del Campo in 1489. This was a negotiation with spain which led to the agreement that Henry’s Heir, Prince Arthur, would marry Ferdinand and Isabella’s daughter Catherine of Aragon. This therefore created an alliance with Spain and steadied the Tudor Dynasty as it meant that an heir could be born to continue the Dynasty. The marriage was of major significance to Henry as he wanted to secure international recognition of the Tudors. As well as this, Perkin Warbeck, who had previously staged a rebellion against Henry, was offered support in Scotland from James IV in 1495. However, after James lost faith in Warbeck, he decided to come to terms with Henry, meaning the truce of Ayton was concluded in 1497, sealed in 1503 by the marriage of Henry’s daughter, Margaret, to James IV. Moreover, after Henry announced his intention to claim the French Crown and sent an army to Boulogne in 1492. Charles VIII, wishing to avoid war, agreed to sign the treaty of etaples in 1492. This meant Charles promised to not give any aid to English rebels, particularly warbeck, and that he paid a pension of £5,000 annually. Therefore, Henry’s foreign policy did much to consolidate his position. For example, the 1489 treaty of Medina Del Campo meant that an alliance was created between England and spain, agreeing to defend their lands by working together, and consolidated the Tudor Dynasty as it meant his son could produce an heir, continuing the line. As well as this, Henry’s treaties with Scotland and France helped prevent costly wars and therefore kept his finances stable as well as his crown as if he failed, he could potentially lose the crown. Therefore, this succeeded in not only preserving Englands financial stability but also to the stability of his crown, contributing to the success of his rule.
Another factor contributing to the success of his rule was his ability to deal with rebellions. Henry had to deal with protestors arguing against such things as high taxes and food shortages. An example of a rebellion was the Yorkshire rebellion of 1489. This rebellion stemmed from the Kings demands for money. Yorkshire was not as prosperous as the south-east of England, and could not afford the increasing burden of Taxation. This sparked the Yorkshire rebellion, fueled not only by increase in taxes but also by Yorkist support in this region, who wanted a strong Yorkist leader. Furthermore, the Cornish rebellion of 1497 also stemmed from a rise in taxes, who refused to contribute to the defence of the northern part of the kingdom, as the Scottish meant nothing to them and they were unwilling to pay taxes in order to fund a war that did not relate to them. Moreover, he handled rebels such as Perkin Warbeck well. Perkin Warbeck was a pretender to the English throne who claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, one of the “Princes in the tower”. He was originally exposed as a rebel in England, meaning he fled to Ireland, where he received little support, travelling to France, but was forced to flee after the peace treaty of etaples was created, where France promised to not shelter English rebels. He was welcomed in Scotland by James IV, but after the truce of Ayton was signed, Warbeck had to leave Scotland again. After frequently staging rebellions, for example an invasion of England through cornwall, Warbeck was put on house arrest in court with his wife. However, after trying to escape in 1498, he was captured and sent to the tower of London. Therefore, Henry’s management of rebels and pretenders to the throne was effective as it prevented his loss of the crown. His management of rebellions avoided costly wars, not only saving money but also preserving his hold on the crown. This therefore shows a vital reason for the success of his rule was due to his management of rebels and pretenders to the throne, and allowed him to consolidate his power and create an image of himself as a strong king.
To conclude, the most important factor for the success of Henry’s rule was his foreign policy. He had prevented costly wars with other countries such as France and Scotland, while also maintaining a good relationship with spain via the treaty of Medina Del Campo. However, his financial policies had a great effect as well, for example the Feudal dues used to earn money from strategy via marriage, etc, as well as the financial security he gave to his son, Henry VIII, allowing the Tudor dynasty to continue its security even after his death. However, the extent of this impact has been questioned by Historians who criticize Henry for being a hoarder with his money and spending very little, therefore showing the Tudor Dynasty was secure due to his handling of Foreign policy, making it secure from Yorkist rivals, and due to the foreign policy, rivals in Scotland and France. These secure foundations made possible the achivements of Henry VIII and later tudors, due to Henry’s foreign policy, as for example the alliance between spain and England lasted even years after his death, keeping strong foreign relation through the duration of the entire Tudor Dynasty.