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Effects of temperature and pressure on equilibrium.
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Know the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions.
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Understand impact on yield and rate of reaction:
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Lower temperature ⟶ higher yield (exothermic), but slower rate.
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Link to collision theory and kinetic energy.
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Electrolytes must be molten or in solution for ions to move.
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Discharge rules:
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Positive ions: Least reactive element (e.g. hydrogen, copper).
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Negative ions: Halogens first, then oxygen.
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Be confident with:
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Half-equations
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OIL RIG mnemonic (Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain)
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Know structures and functional groups of:
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Alcohols
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Carboxylic acids
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Esters
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Understand:
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Addition polymerisation (e.g. alkenes)
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Condensation polymerisation:
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Often forms polyesters
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Involves dicarboxylic acids + diols
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Produces water as a by-product
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Practical setup: burette, conical flask, indicator (e.g. phenolphthalein or methyl orange – not universal indicator).
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Be able to:
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Describe titration method accurately.
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Perform calculations to find unknown concentrations (using mol = c × v).
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Use balanced equations in context.
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