Great questions, lots of med students struggle with this so you’re not alone. At uni they usually want more critical engagement than PEEL, so try comparing studies, pointing out limitations, and linking evidence back to wider health issues. For portfolios, check the royal colleges’ websites since each specialty has its own guidance, and starting with small things like case reports or posters is a good way in. Essays show critical thinking, journal articles present new research, audits compare practice to standards, and case reports describe unusual cases. It might feel overwhelming now, but with practice you’ll notice real progress.