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Chemistry alevel okra born hater cycle help please

For a Born-Haber cycle, say I was doing it with a group 3 chloride, I would need 3 atomisation energies of chlorine, 3 ionisation energies of the group 3 (e.g. Aluminium) and then 3 electron affiinities of chlorine?
For the atomisation energy of chlorine would it be
Al (s)+Cl3 (g)(standard states)
Al (s)+ Cl (g)
Al (s)+ 2Cl (g)
Al (s)+ 3Cl (g)

Reply 1

Original post
by LisaPerera
For a Born-Haber cycle, say I was doing it with a group 3 chloride, I would need 3 atomisation energies of chlorine, 3 ionisation energies of the group 3 (e.g. Aluminium) and then 3 electron affiinities of chlorine?
For the atomisation energy of chlorine would it be
Al (s)+Cl3 (g)(standard states)
Al (s)+ Cl (g)
Al (s)+ 2Cl (g)
Al (s)+ 3Cl (g)

The atomisation energy of chlorine is

1/2 Cl2(g) —> Cl(g)

So three times it would be

3/2 Cl2(g) —> 3Cl(g)

Incidentally, the atomisation of aluminium would be

Al(s) —> Al(g)

Reply 2

Original post
by TypicalNerd
The atomisation energy of chlorine is
1/2 Cl2(g) —> Cl(g)
So three times it would be
3/2 Cl2(g) —> 3Cl(g)
Incidentally, the atomisation of aluminium would be
Al(s) —> Al(g)

So for the atomisation energies of just chlorine it would be:
Al (s) + 1/2 Cl2 (g)
Al (s) + Cl (g)
Al (s) + 2Cl(g)
Al (s) + 3Cl (g)

And then atomisation of Al would be Al (s) to Al (g)

Reply 3

Original post
by LisaPerera
So for the atomisation energies of just chlorine it would be:
Al (s) + 1/2 Cl2 (g)
Al (s) + Cl (g)
Al (s) + 2Cl(g)
Al (s) + 3Cl (g)
And then atomisation of Al would be Al (s) to Al (g)

I’d do all three atomisations of Cl in one step rather than write a series of equations. If you were to do each atomisation of chlorine in separate steps, you would have

Al(s) + 3/2 Cl2(g)

Al(s) + Cl2(g) + Cl(g)

Al(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g) + 2Cl(g)

Al(s) + 3Cl(g)

See how much more confusing that is?

Reply 4

Original post
by TypicalNerd
I’d do all three atomisations of Cl in one step rather than write a series of equations. If you were to do each atomisation of chlorine in separate steps, you would have
Al(s) + 3/2 Cl2(g)
Al(s) + Cl2(g) + Cl(g)
Al(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g) + 2Cl(g)
Al(s) + 3Cl(g)
See how much more confusing that is?

Hi, I would do all three atomisation steps in one, this was just out of interest. So I was told by someone else it was
Al (s) + 1/2 Cl2 (g)
Al(s) + Cl (g)
Al(s) + 2Cl (g)
Al(s) + 3Cl(g)
Is that not correct then? This makes sense to me, I am in Alevels currently studying ing OCR A Chem. Could you explain your steps, I'm a little confused? Thank you so much! :smile:

Reply 5

Original post
by LisaPerera
Hi, I would do all three atomisation steps in one, this was just out of interest. So I was told by someone else it was
Al (s) + 1/2 Cl2 (g)
Al(s) + Cl (g)
Al(s) + 2Cl (g)
Al(s) + 3Cl(g)
Is that not correct then? This makes sense to me, I am in Alevels currently studying ing OCR A Chem. Could you explain your steps, I'm a little confused? Thank you so much! :smile:

The problem with that is that they have made two chlorine atoms appear out of nowhere, which breaks the law of conservation of mass. As such, you would need to start with 3/2 Cl2(g) rather than 1/2 Cl2(g) and making two more chlorines appear out of thin air.

Reply 6

Original post
by TypicalNerd
The problem with that is that they have made two chlorine atoms appear out of nowhere, which breaks the law of conservation of mass. As such, you would need to start with 3/2 Cl2(g) rather than 1/2 Cl2(g) and making two more chlorines appear out of thin air.

Ohhhh, makes sense! Thank you :smile:
So for MgCl2 for example, would the atomisation energies of chlorine be
Mg (s) + Cl2 (g)
Mg (s) + 1/2Cl2 (g) + Cl (g)
Mg (s) + 2Cl (g)
Do you mind explaining this one too please? Thank you so much :smile:

Reply 7

Original post
by LisaPerera
Ohhhh, makes sense! Thank you :smile:
So for MgCl2 for example, would the atomisation energies of chlorine be
Mg (s) + Cl2 (g)
Mg (s) + 1/2Cl2 (g) + Cl (g)
Mg (s) + 2Cl (g)
Do you mind explaining this one too please? Thank you so much :smile:

Exactly. I’m not sure what there is left to explain about that particular example, but as you already realise it’s better to just combine all the atomisations of chlorine into one step rather than separate ones.

If you mean you want to look into how to construct the whole Born-Haber cycle for MgCl2, I’m more than happy to help with that.

Reply 8

Original post
by TypicalNerd
Exactly. I’m not sure what there is left to explain about that particular example, but as you already realise it’s better to just combine all the atomisations of chlorine into one step rather than separate ones.
If you mean you want to look into how to construct the whole Born-Haber cycle for MgCl2, I’m more than happy to help with that.

Is there any other website that we could do this on, since I can't send images here. I'll type this one out but if you know any other websites please let me know 🙂 thank you for your help.

in the cycle, it would be a downward arrow if drawn out, connecting to bottom (MgCl2 (aq)) lattice enthalpy of MgCl2
in the cycle, it would be a downward arrow if drawn out- Mg2+ (g) +2 Cl- (g) first electron affinity of Cl x2
upward arrow- Mg 2+ (g) +2e- + 2Cl (g)2nd ionisation energy of Mg
upward arrow- Mg+ (g) + e- +2Cl- (g) first ionisation energy of Mg
upward arrow- Mg (g) + 2Cl (g)atomision energy of Mg
upward arrow- Mg (s) +Cl2 (g) atomisation energy of Cl
downward arrow- Mg (s) +Cl2 (g)- enthalpy of formation of Mgcl2
At bottom of cycle MgCl2(aq)

Reply 9

Original post
by LisaPerera
Is there any other website that we could do this on, since I can't send images here. I'll type this one out but if you know any other websites please let me know 🙂 thank you for your help.
in the cycle, it would be a downward arrow if drawn out, connecting to bottom (MgCl2 (aq)) lattice enthalpy of MgCl2
in the cycle, it would be a downward arrow if drawn out- Mg2+ (g) +2 Cl- (g) first electron affinity of Cl x2
upward arrow- Mg 2+ (g) +2e- + 2Cl (g)2nd ionisation energy of Mg
upward arrow- Mg+ (g) + e- +2Cl- (g) first ionisation energy of Mg
upward arrow- Mg (g) + 2Cl (g)atomision energy of Mg
upward arrow- Mg (s) +Cl2 (g) atomisation energy of Cl
downward arrow- Mg (s) +Cl2 (g)- enthalpy of formation of Mgcl2
At bottom of cycle MgCl2(aq)

I'm afraid TSR rules mean I can't pass on any offsite contact details, so that isn't something I can do. We can always try finding a forum helper in the chemistry section who can hopefully fix the slow image checking for you.

A fully correct B-H cycle for MgCl2 is attached here. Note that B-H cycles always form a solid lattice and never an aqueous ionic compound. This is due to the definition of lattice (formation) enthalpy as the enthalpy change associated with the formation of 1.00 mol of solid lattice from gaseous ions.

Screenshot 2026-01-06 143249.png

It seems your cycle is correct aside from the state symbols of MgCl2 on the bottom level. I think it's worth following the same logical order of events (starting from the elements in their standard states) every time you draw a Born-Haber cycle from scratch:

(1. Atomise all of your elements (though atomise the metal and nonmetal in separate steps)

(2. Ionise all atoms of the metal (carry out the first, second and third etc ionisations out as separate steps)

(3. Reduce all atoms of the nonmetal (carry out the first and second (if required) electron affinities out as separate steps - the first will always be exothermic and the second always endothermic)

(4. Combine the ions (e.g. show the lattice enthalpy of the ionic compound)
(edited 1 month ago)

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