Einstein's 1905 photoelectric paper.
§ 4. Einstein Energy Quanta
In "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" (1905), Einstein is supporting Maxwell’s theory.
"However, according to Maxwell's theory (or, indeed, any wave theory), the energy of a light wave emitted from a point source is distributed continuously over an ever larger volume." (Einstein1, Intro).
"These electrons also interact with the free molecules and electrons by conservative potentials when they approach very closely. We denote these electrons, which are bound at points of space, as "resonators", since they absorb and emit electromagnetic waves of a particular period." (Einstein1, § 1).
Einstein derived a photon energy quanta using Boltzmann's entropy but photons conflict with the continuity of Maxwell's electromagnetic fields since as a light beam propagates spaces would form between photons eliminating the continuity of Maxwell's electromagnetic fields, and an expanding electromagnetic field cannot be physically quantized. As a photon propagates, its electromagnetic fields expand, which would eliminate the particle structure of Einstein's photon. Furthermore, Maxwell's theory is an analogy since a magnet or a capacitor cannot oscillate at the frequency of light which invalidates Einstein's quantum theory.
Einstein derived the energy quanta using Wien's black body intensity equation (Einstein1, § 4),
p = α v3 e-βv/T............................................................................................20
to derive a black body entropy equation,
S - So = (E/βγ) ln V/Vo..............................................................................21
Einstein used Boltzmann's thermodynamic entropy,
S - So = (R/N) ln W....................................................................................22
Einstein equated equations 21 and 22 to derive the energy quanta,
E = Rβγ/N..................................................................................................23
"Monochromatic radiation of low density behaves---as long as Wien's radiation formula is valid--in a thermodynamic sense, as if it consisted of mutually independent energy quanta of magnitude Rβγ/N." (Einstein1, § 6).
"(1/N) gram = 1.62 x 10-24 g". (Einstein1, § 2)
Einstein's energy quanta (Rβγ/N) cannot be used to represent the energy of a photon since Boltzmann’s constant (k = R/N) represents gas molecules that have a mass. Einstein describes the photoelectric effect using “generated light consists of energy quanta of magnitude (R/N)βγ” (Einstein, § 7). Einstein is comparing a gas molecule’s kinetic energy with the energy of a photon similar to Planck’s black body derivation which is physically invalid.
In "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light" (1905), Einstein is supporting Maxwell’s theory.
"However, according to Maxwell's theory (or, indeed, any wave theory), the energy of a light wave emitted from a point source is distributed continuously over an ever larger volume." (Einstein1, Intro).
"These electrons also interact with the free molecules and electrons by conservative potentials when they approach very closely. We denote these electrons, which are bound at points of space, as "resonators", since they absorb and emit electromagnetic waves of a particular period." (Einstein1, § 1).
Einstein derived a photon energy quanta using Boltzmann's entropy but photons conflict with the continuity of Maxwell's electromagnetic fields since as a light beam propagates spaces would form between photons eliminating the continuity of Maxwell's electromagnetic fields, and an expanding electromagnetic field cannot be physically quantized. As a photon propagates, its electromagnetic fields expand, which would eliminate the particle structure of Einstein's photon. Furthermore, Maxwell's theory is an analogy since a magnet or a capacitor cannot oscillate at the frequency of light which invalidates Einstein's quantum theory.
Einstein derived the energy quanta using Wien's black body intensity equation (Einstein1, § 4),
p = α v3 e-βv/T............................................................................................20
to derive a black body entropy equation,
S - So = (E/βγ) ln V/Vo..............................................................................21
Einstein used Boltzmann's thermodynamic entropy,
S - So = (R/N) ln W....................................................................................22
Einstein equated equations 21 and 22 to derive the energy quanta,
E = Rβγ/N..................................................................................................23
"Monochromatic radiation of low density behaves---as long as Wien's radiation formula is valid--in a thermodynamic sense, as if it consisted of mutually independent energy quanta of magnitude Rβγ/N." (Einstein1, § 6).
"(1/N) gram = 1.62 x 10-24 g". (Einstein1, § 2)
Einstein's energy quanta (Rβγ/N) cannot be used to represent the energy of a photon since Boltzmann’s constant (k = R/N) represents gas molecules that have a mass. Einstein describes the photoelectric effect using “generated light consists of energy quanta of magnitude (R/N)βγ” (Einstein, § 7). Einstein is comparing a gas molecule’s kinetic energy with the energy of a photon similar to Planck’s black body derivation which is physically invalid.
(edited 1 month ago)
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