You are pretty much describing my life trajectory here. Engineering undergrad, worked in industry for a couple of years, took some time out to travel, covid MSc, and then a 4 year PhD. I now have a place to start a PGCE in September 2026 (as I also found that academia wasn't for me.
I was at an open day for the PGCE last week and there were a lot of "older" people there. Starting your teaching career at 28 will not be an issue, I will be 32 when I start in September. And if anything, having a bit of industry and research experience under your belt will allow you to chat to students about your journey and potential career paths - you can talk about the cool things you've seen to inspire students to pursue math's and engineering. Plus I think being a bit older would help you out in some situations - I imagine there are some things (pastorally) I might need to deal with in the future that may have been more of a struggle if I was dealing with them when I was 21/22.
I would stick with your PhD (assuming you are enjoying it still....). You are half way there, you might as well finish it. Plus the PhD gives you a lot of skills that are useful for the PGCE - writing longer form essays, lit reviews, presentation skills, the ability to take and reflect on criticism, self reflection, resilience, working under pressure etc. At the end of the day, when they are interviewing you for a course they are are looking for teaching potential and a passion for working with young people. I can't imagine anyone looking at a PhD qualification and using that purely as a reason not to offer someone a place.
I can't comment too much on the bursary situation but math's teachers are always needed. I am pretty sure it is one of the subjects that has had a bursary available for a number of years (but don't quote me on that). And as for university prestige, having a PGCE from Oxbridge, for example, would maybe help you out in the private sector, but to be honest, as long as you do a good course (you can check ofsted reviews of PGCE courses), it shouldn't really matter.