The Student Room Group

British Science Week 2026: The most important and lucky discoveries in Medicine

British Science Week is taking place on The Student Room from 6 March to 15 March, and everyone is welcome to take part. We have lots of threads running throughout the week, and this the most important and lucky discoveries in Medicine thread is one of them.

Be sure to check the British Science Week 2026: Hub Thread to see other threads for you to take part in.

And remember, if you post in at least 15 threads by 31 March, you will also receive a British Science Week Certificate.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Throughout the millennia, humans have tried (with varying amounts of success) to provide medical care. Today, we take a lot of medicine for granted, while forgetting that for most of human history, we did not enjoy from many of the advancements we benefit from today. In this thread I'll chronicle some of these amazing medical advancements which happened more or less by chance. Please add any other advancements you know that I might have overlooked, and have a go at the quiz at the end!

The invention of anaesthesia

Nowadays we take for granted pain-free operations thanks to the wonders of anaesthesia, but its use in surgery started in a very roundabout way.

British Chemist Humphry Davy, in 1799, was experimenting with gases on himself (as was fashionable - and deadly - at the time), when he tried out nitrous oxide. He realised it made him very giggly indeed, and so quickly nitrous oxide experiments filtered out to other chemists, students, and finally, by showmen (!), who made public demonstrations of the giggly effects of nitrous oxide. In 1844, at one of these showmen's demonstration in the United States, the volunteer being administered the gas injured his leg but failed to realise this. Nobody seemed to make much of this except for a serendipitous audience member, Connecticut dentist Horace Wells, who pieced together that he could probably use this to painlessly extract teeth.

The practice of using nitrous oxide spread out slowly but surely amongst dentists, but the thing is nitrous oxide was not the best anaesthetic agent - it was known to kill people as it starved patients of oxygen, and sometimes it didn't work very well. In fact, at a public demonstration, one dentist was laughed out of the room after his patient groaned despite the administration of nitrous oxide. The sceptics remained sceptics, and the hunt for better anaesthetic agents continued.

Enter William Morton, another Connecticut dentist who discovered that ether was a brilliant anaesthetic - better than nitrous oxide! He was persuaded to do a demonstration of ether at Massachusetts General Hospital, to aid the removal of a benign tumour in the neck of a patient. The operation was a success, with the surgeon proclaiming "Gentlemen, this is no humbug!". Word soon spread across the pond to the UK, where the first British operation with anaesthesia was carried out by famed Scottish surgeon Robert Liston at the University College Hospital, and the practice of anaesthesia has continued to evolve and mercifully become a mainstay of surgery ever since.

The discovery of penicillin

Sometimes, it pays to be messy and leave your windows open. Not that this excuse ever flew with my mum when she told me off for having a messy room :tongue:

One of the biggest game-changers in Medicine was the discovery of penicillin. We take antibiotics for granted now, but in a pre-penicillin world, dying from infection was a chillingly easy affair. People could die from something as simple as being cut by a thorn while gardening...

Alexander Fleming was a doctor in St Mary's Hospital, London. By all accounts he was incredibly clever, even if he had a messy lab. In 1928 he went on a 6-week holiday, and he left in his cluttered, messy, lab, a bunch of petri dishes (and, legend has it, his window open), hoping that the bacteria on them would grow while he's away.

Fleming returned to his lab on the 3rd of September, 1928, and he checked up on his bacteria. They were all doing well except for one pesky petri dish, which in his clumsiness, has been colonised by a patch of penicillium mould - he should have closed that window! Better to chuck it away... or is it? Fleming realised that in this accidentally contaminated petri dish, the bacteria on that petri dish were keeping well clear of the mould, because this mould released a chemical (penicillin) that inhibited bacterial growth. He got his observations published and continued to work on the penicillium mould, as he thought that this was the future of antimicrobial medicine. Eventually though, he parked the project, as he believed that the challenges in growing enough penicillium mould in order to produce clinically useful amounts of penicillin couldn't be overcome.

About ten years later, University of Oxford researchers Howard Florey and Ernest Chain picked up where Fleming left off, and for a while they seemed to be getting somewhere. At any rate, in 1941 they believed they had enough penicillin to treat someone. Their unsuspecting test subject was a local policeman who caught a very nasty infection after cutting his finger with a thorn as he was gardening. The policeman was literally on the brink of death, but Florey and Chain, along with some penicillin, manage to bring him back... for a while. Florey and Chain ran out of penicillin, and despite their valiant efforts to recycle penicillin from the policeman's urine, they could not recycle enough, and the policeman regrettably died.

At this point in time, the quest for producing penicillin moved to the U.S. because of WW2 (the British Government was broke and could only spare tiny amounts of cash for research). The American researchers were trying to ramp up penicillin production, and so they were on the hunt for a mould that could produce penicillin on a much faster rate than the mould that Alexander Fleming had discovered. It's at this point that the second happy accident in the history of penicillin happens. One of the U.S. lab employees (rather rudely immortalised in the history books as "Mouldy Mary") bought a cantaloupe at a local market, purely because it had a funky-looking bit of mould. In the lab, the mould was scrapped off, the cantaloupe cut up and eaten, and as luck would have it, this funky-looking cantaloupe mould was producing ginormous amounts of penicillin, thereby solving the matter of mass-producing it. It became available to the Allied armies, where it helped save countless of lives, and then it became available to the general public after the end of the war.

Thanks to the accidental discoveries and developments of Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, Ernest Chain, and Mouldy Mary, literal millions of lives have been saved. Thanks to them, we live in a world in which most infections can be almost magically treated by antibiotics, a world in which a cut from a rose thorn is no longer a death sentence. Please do your bit so we continue to live in this world by finishing your antibiotic prescriptions!

The invention of cardiac catheterisation

Imagine you're bored. What do you do? Perhaps you pick up a book, or you turn on your TV and watch your favourite TV show, or maybe even you go on Instagram... Of course, these are the modern, boring things to relieve boredom. In 1929, a German doctor by the name of Werner Forssmann was feeling very bored in his hospital, and being a doctor and all, he thought picking up a book to relieve his boredom was a very pedestrian thing to do, so instead, he came up with a somewhat different idea to relieve his boredom.

Essentially, he thought that it would be a fabulous idea to pass a catheter through the veins all the way to his heart, more or less simply to see what would happen. The senior doctors at his hospital told him he was crazy, that this would kill the person, and so he was denied permission to do this experiment. The story ends here Forssmann, however, was undeterred. He went over his boss's head and convinced Gerda Ditzen, the OR nurse, to assist him because he needed her in order to steal the OR supplies necessary for this experiment). Ditzen, out of the goodness of her own heart, only agreed to help Forssmann if he carried out the experiment on herself. Forssmann was not the biggest fan of this idea, but having already gone over his boss's head, he decided that tricking Ditzen into giving him the supplies and then doing the experiment on himself anyway was just another "no biggie" in this whole ethically dubious enterprise.

So, he got the supplies with Ditzen's help, pretended to make an incision on the nurse's arm, then he strapped her to the operating table (!) to prevent her from interfering the actual experiment on himself. He cut up his own arm, and only released Dtizen once the catheter was well into his body. He walked over to the X-ray lab to get some evidence of what he'd done, and got what must have been the most interesting X-ray film at time. At any rate, this X-ray saved him from being summarily fired on the spot, and further experiments on terminal patients showed that cardiac catheterisation was a very useful way to administer certain drugs.

Certain events that happened in Germany in the following years means that he was side-tracked from this research. He was also further side-tracked by the fact that he willingly became a medical officer for the Nazis :s-smilie: so it was a long time before cardiac catheterisation became widely spread. But after WW2, cath labs spread around Europe and the world, with cardiac catheterisation now being successfully used as a diagnostic and treatment tool for all sorts of cardiac conditions and saving countless of lives.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Which of these three discoveries did you find most interesting? Do you know any other stories of lucky medical advancements that you can share with us? :smile:

Bonus challenge: try out your knowledge of these medical advancements by taking this short quiz and sharing with us how you did: https://forms.gle/e1wUVNd9vFnQBELh6

:biggrin:

Reply 1

The Medicine forum gets a high volume of questions. Some of these are already answered by the resources and megathreads that members of the community and volunteers have created. This is an automatic post which is designed to highlight these resources.
Below is a thread directory of all the very useful threads in Medicine:

Medicine Thread Directory

If one of the threads in the directory is a more relevant place to ask your question, please post a reply in that thread to ask your question after reading the first post.

If your query is answered by one of the Megathreads or articles, and you would like us to close this thread for you, please reply to this thread with just the words "thank you". A member of our team will then get it locked.

Reply 3

Anaesthetics are important, but no one exactly knows how they really work!

Reply 4

I think penicillin is the most amazing - unfortunately I am allergic to it.

Reply 5

1/5

Reply 6

Original post
by Muttley79
I think penicillin is the most amazing - unfortunately I am allergic to it.

My dad's allergic to paracetamol 😭🙏

Reply 7

2/5
It seems I need to brush up majorly on my medicine knowledge (as I glance at my book on medicine)

Reply 8

Original post
by Scotland Yard
British Science Week is taking place on The Student Room from 6 March to 15 March, and everyone is welcome to take part. We have lots of threads running throughout the week, and this the most important and lucky discoveries in Medicine thread is one of them.

Be sure to check the British Science Week 2026: Hub Thread to see other threads for you to take part in.
And remember, if you post in at least 15 threads by 31 March, you will also receive a British Science Week Certificate.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Throughout the millennia, humans have tried (with varying amounts of success) to provide medical care. Today, we take a lot of medicine for granted, while forgetting that for most of human history, we did not enjoy from many of the advancements we benefit from today. In this thread I'll chronicle some of these amazing medical advancements which happened more or less by chance. Please add any other advancements you know that I might have overlooked, and have a go at the quiz at the end!
The invention of anaesthesia
Nowadays we take for granted pain-free operations thanks to the wonders of anaesthesia, but its use in surgery started in a very roundabout way.
British Chemist Humphry Davy, in 1799, was experimenting with gases on himself (as was fashionable - and deadly - at the time), when he tried out nitrous oxide. He realised it made him very giggly indeed, and so quickly nitrous oxide experiments filtered out to other chemists, students, and finally, by showmen (!), who made public demonstrations of the giggly effects of nitrous oxide. In 1844, at one of these showmen's demonstration in the United States, the volunteer being administered the gas injured his leg but failed to realise this. Nobody seemed to make much of this except for a serendipitous audience member, Connecticut dentist Horace Wells, who pieced together that he could probably use this to painlessly extract teeth.
The practice of using nitrous oxide spread out slowly but surely amongst dentists, but the thing is nitrous oxide was not the best anaesthetic agent - it was known to kill people as it starved patients of oxygen, and sometimes it didn't work very well. In fact, at a public demonstration, one dentist was laughed out of the room after his patient groaned despite the administration of nitrous oxide. The sceptics remained sceptics, and the hunt for better anaesthetic agents continued.
Enter William Morton, another Connecticut dentist who discovered that ether was a brilliant anaesthetic - better than nitrous oxide! He was persuaded to do a demonstration of ether at Massachusetts General Hospital, to aid the removal of a benign tumour in the neck of a patient. The operation was a success, with the surgeon proclaiming "Gentlemen, this is no humbug!". Word soon spread across the pond to the UK, where the first British operation with anaesthesia was carried out by famed Scottish surgeon Robert Liston at the University College Hospital, and the practice of anaesthesia has continued to evolve and mercifully become a mainstay of surgery ever since.
The discovery of penicillin
Sometimes, it pays to be messy and leave your windows open. Not that this excuse ever flew with my mum when she told me off for having a messy room :tongue:
One of the biggest game-changers in Medicine was the discovery of penicillin. We take antibiotics for granted now, but in a pre-penicillin world, dying from infection was a chillingly easy affair. People could die from something as simple as being cut by a thorn while gardening...
Alexander Fleming was a doctor in St Mary's Hospital, London. By all accounts he was incredibly clever, even if he had a messy lab. In 1928 he went on a 6-week holiday, and he left in his cluttered, messy, lab, a bunch of petri dishes (and, legend has it, his window open), hoping that the bacteria on them would grow while he's away.
Fleming returned to his lab on the 3rd of September, 1928, and he checked up on his bacteria. They were all doing well except for one pesky petri dish, which in his clumsiness, has been colonised by a patch of penicillium mould - he should have closed that window! Better to chuck it away... or is it? Fleming realised that in this accidentally contaminated petri dish, the bacteria on that petri dish were keeping well clear of the mould, because this mould released a chemical (penicillin) that inhibited bacterial growth. He got his observations published and continued to work on the penicillium mould, as he thought that this was the future of antimicrobial medicine. Eventually though, he parked the project, as he believed that the challenges in growing enough penicillium mould in order to produce clinically useful amounts of penicillin couldn't be overcome.
About ten years later, University of Oxford researchers Howard Florey and Ernest Chain picked up where Fleming left off, and for a while they seemed to be getting somewhere. At any rate, in 1941 they believed they had enough penicillin to treat someone. Their unsuspecting test subject was a local policeman who caught a very nasty infection after cutting his finger with a thorn as he was gardening. The policeman was literally on the brink of death, but Florey and Chain, along with some penicillin, manage to bring him back... for a while. Florey and Chain ran out of penicillin, and despite their valiant efforts to recycle penicillin from the policeman's urine, they could not recycle enough, and the policeman regrettably died.
At this point in time, the quest for producing penicillin moved to the U.S. because of WW2 (the British Government was broke and could only spare tiny amounts of cash for research). The American researchers were trying to ramp up penicillin production, and so they were on the hunt for a mould that could produce penicillin on a much faster rate than the mould that Alexander Fleming had discovered. It's at this point that the second happy accident in the history of penicillin happens. One of the U.S. lab employees (rather rudely immortalised in the history books as "Mouldy Mary") bought a cantaloupe at a local market, purely because it had a funky-looking bit of mould. In the lab, the mould was scrapped off, the cantaloupe cut up and eaten, and as luck would have it, this funky-looking cantaloupe mould was producing ginormous amounts of penicillin, thereby solving the matter of mass-producing it. It became available to the Allied armies, where it helped save countless of lives, and then it became available to the general public after the end of the war.
Thanks to the accidental discoveries and developments of Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, Ernest Chain, and Mouldy Mary, literal millions of lives have been saved. Thanks to them, we live in a world in which most infections can be almost magically treated by antibiotics, a world in which a cut from a rose thorn is no longer a death sentence. Please do your bit so we continue to live in this world by finishing your antibiotic prescriptions!
The invention of cardiac catheterisation
Imagine you're bored. What do you do? Perhaps you pick up a book, or you turn on your TV and watch your favourite TV show, or maybe even you go on Instagram... Of course, these are the modern, boring things to relieve boredom. In 1929, a German doctor by the name of Werner Forssmann was feeling very bored in his hospital, and being a doctor and all, he thought picking up a book to relieve his boredom was a very pedestrian thing to do, so instead, he came up with a somewhat different idea to relieve his boredom.
Essentially, he thought that it would be a fabulous idea to pass a catheter through the veins all the way to his heart, more or less simply to see what would happen. The senior doctors at his hospital told him he was crazy, that this would kill the person, and so he was denied permission to do this experiment. The story ends here Forssmann, however, was undeterred. He went over his boss's head and convinced Gerda Ditzen, the OR nurse, to assist him because he needed her in order to steal the OR supplies necessary for this experiment). Ditzen, out of the goodness of her own heart, only agreed to help Forssmann if he carried out the experiment on herself. Forssmann was not the biggest fan of this idea, but having already gone over his boss's head, he decided that tricking Ditzen into giving him the supplies and then doing the experiment on himself anyway was just another "no biggie" in this whole ethically dubious enterprise.
So, he got the supplies with Ditzen's help, pretended to make an incision on the nurse's arm, then he strapped her to the operating table (!) to prevent her from interfering the actual experiment on himself. He cut up his own arm, and only released Dtizen once the catheter was well into his body. He walked over to the X-ray lab to get some evidence of what he'd done, and got what must have been the most interesting X-ray film at time. At any rate, this X-ray saved him from being summarily fired on the spot, and further experiments on terminal patients showed that cardiac catheterisation was a very useful way to administer certain drugs.
Certain events that happened in Germany in the following years means that he was side-tracked from this research. He was also further side-tracked by the fact that he willingly became a medical officer for the Nazis :s-smilie: so it was a long time before cardiac catheterisation became widely spread. But after WW2, cath labs spread around Europe and the world, with cardiac catheterisation now being successfully used as a diagnostic and treatment tool for all sorts of cardiac conditions and saving countless of lives.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Which of these three discoveries did you find most interesting? Do you know any other stories of lucky medical advancements that you can share with us? :smile:
Bonus challenge: try out your knowledge of these medical advancements by taking this short quiz and sharing with us how you did: https://forms.gle/e1wUVNd9vFnQBELh6
:biggrin:

HAH

1/5

only one I got right was the x-ray because id it went through his arm 🐋

Reply 9

Original post
by Scotland Yard
British Science Week is taking place on The Student Room from 6 March to 15 March, and everyone is welcome to take part. We have lots of threads running throughout the week, and this the most important and lucky discoveries in Medicine thread is one of them.

Be sure to check the British Science Week 2026: Hub Thread to see other threads for you to take part in.
And remember, if you post in at least 15 threads by 31 March, you will also receive a British Science Week Certificate.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Throughout the millennia, humans have tried (with varying amounts of success) to provide medical care. Today, we take a lot of medicine for granted, while forgetting that for most of human history, we did not enjoy from many of the advancements we benefit from today. In this thread I'll chronicle some of these amazing medical advancements which happened more or less by chance. Please add any other advancements you know that I might have overlooked, and have a go at the quiz at the end!
The invention of anaesthesia
Nowadays we take for granted pain-free operations thanks to the wonders of anaesthesia, but its use in surgery started in a very roundabout way.
British Chemist Humphry Davy, in 1799, was experimenting with gases on himself (as was fashionable - and deadly - at the time), when he tried out nitrous oxide. He realised it made him very giggly indeed, and so quickly nitrous oxide experiments filtered out to other chemists, students, and finally, by showmen (!), who made public demonstrations of the giggly effects of nitrous oxide. In 1844, at one of these showmen's demonstration in the United States, the volunteer being administered the gas injured his leg but failed to realise this. Nobody seemed to make much of this except for a serendipitous audience member, Connecticut dentist Horace Wells, who pieced together that he could probably use this to painlessly extract teeth.
The practice of using nitrous oxide spread out slowly but surely amongst dentists, but the thing is nitrous oxide was not the best anaesthetic agent - it was known to kill people as it starved patients of oxygen, and sometimes it didn't work very well. In fact, at a public demonstration, one dentist was laughed out of the room after his patient groaned despite the administration of nitrous oxide. The sceptics remained sceptics, and the hunt for better anaesthetic agents continued.
Enter William Morton, another Connecticut dentist who discovered that ether was a brilliant anaesthetic - better than nitrous oxide! He was persuaded to do a demonstration of ether at Massachusetts General Hospital, to aid the removal of a benign tumour in the neck of a patient. The operation was a success, with the surgeon proclaiming "Gentlemen, this is no humbug!". Word soon spread across the pond to the UK, where the first British operation with anaesthesia was carried out by famed Scottish surgeon Robert Liston at the University College Hospital, and the practice of anaesthesia has continued to evolve and mercifully become a mainstay of surgery ever since.
The discovery of penicillin
Sometimes, it pays to be messy and leave your windows open. Not that this excuse ever flew with my mum when she told me off for having a messy room :tongue:
One of the biggest game-changers in Medicine was the discovery of penicillin. We take antibiotics for granted now, but in a pre-penicillin world, dying from infection was a chillingly easy affair. People could die from something as simple as being cut by a thorn while gardening...
Alexander Fleming was a doctor in St Mary's Hospital, London. By all accounts he was incredibly clever, even if he had a messy lab. In 1928 he went on a 6-week holiday, and he left in his cluttered, messy, lab, a bunch of petri dishes (and, legend has it, his window open), hoping that the bacteria on them would grow while he's away.
Fleming returned to his lab on the 3rd of September, 1928, and he checked up on his bacteria. They were all doing well except for one pesky petri dish, which in his clumsiness, has been colonised by a patch of penicillium mould - he should have closed that window! Better to chuck it away... or is it? Fleming realised that in this accidentally contaminated petri dish, the bacteria on that petri dish were keeping well clear of the mould, because this mould released a chemical (penicillin) that inhibited bacterial growth. He got his observations published and continued to work on the penicillium mould, as he thought that this was the future of antimicrobial medicine. Eventually though, he parked the project, as he believed that the challenges in growing enough penicillium mould in order to produce clinically useful amounts of penicillin couldn't be overcome.
About ten years later, University of Oxford researchers Howard Florey and Ernest Chain picked up where Fleming left off, and for a while they seemed to be getting somewhere. At any rate, in 1941 they believed they had enough penicillin to treat someone. Their unsuspecting test subject was a local policeman who caught a very nasty infection after cutting his finger with a thorn as he was gardening. The policeman was literally on the brink of death, but Florey and Chain, along with some penicillin, manage to bring him back... for a while. Florey and Chain ran out of penicillin, and despite their valiant efforts to recycle penicillin from the policeman's urine, they could not recycle enough, and the policeman regrettably died.
At this point in time, the quest for producing penicillin moved to the U.S. because of WW2 (the British Government was broke and could only spare tiny amounts of cash for research). The American researchers were trying to ramp up penicillin production, and so they were on the hunt for a mould that could produce penicillin on a much faster rate than the mould that Alexander Fleming had discovered. It's at this point that the second happy accident in the history of penicillin happens. One of the U.S. lab employees (rather rudely immortalised in the history books as "Mouldy Mary") bought a cantaloupe at a local market, purely because it had a funky-looking bit of mould. In the lab, the mould was scrapped off, the cantaloupe cut up and eaten, and as luck would have it, this funky-looking cantaloupe mould was producing ginormous amounts of penicillin, thereby solving the matter of mass-producing it. It became available to the Allied armies, where it helped save countless of lives, and then it became available to the general public after the end of the war.
Thanks to the accidental discoveries and developments of Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, Ernest Chain, and Mouldy Mary, literal millions of lives have been saved. Thanks to them, we live in a world in which most infections can be almost magically treated by antibiotics, a world in which a cut from a rose thorn is no longer a death sentence. Please do your bit so we continue to live in this world by finishing your antibiotic prescriptions!
The invention of cardiac catheterisation
Imagine you're bored. What do you do? Perhaps you pick up a book, or you turn on your TV and watch your favourite TV show, or maybe even you go on Instagram... Of course, these are the modern, boring things to relieve boredom. In 1929, a German doctor by the name of Werner Forssmann was feeling very bored in his hospital, and being a doctor and all, he thought picking up a book to relieve his boredom was a very pedestrian thing to do, so instead, he came up with a somewhat different idea to relieve his boredom.
Essentially, he thought that it would be a fabulous idea to pass a catheter through the veins all the way to his heart, more or less simply to see what would happen. The senior doctors at his hospital told him he was crazy, that this would kill the person, and so he was denied permission to do this experiment. The story ends here Forssmann, however, was undeterred. He went over his boss's head and convinced Gerda Ditzen, the OR nurse, to assist him because he needed her in order to steal the OR supplies necessary for this experiment). Ditzen, out of the goodness of her own heart, only agreed to help Forssmann if he carried out the experiment on herself. Forssmann was not the biggest fan of this idea, but having already gone over his boss's head, he decided that tricking Ditzen into giving him the supplies and then doing the experiment on himself anyway was just another "no biggie" in this whole ethically dubious enterprise.
So, he got the supplies with Ditzen's help, pretended to make an incision on the nurse's arm, then he strapped her to the operating table (!) to prevent her from interfering the actual experiment on himself. He cut up his own arm, and only released Dtizen once the catheter was well into his body. He walked over to the X-ray lab to get some evidence of what he'd done, and got what must have been the most interesting X-ray film at time. At any rate, this X-ray saved him from being summarily fired on the spot, and further experiments on terminal patients showed that cardiac catheterisation was a very useful way to administer certain drugs.
Certain events that happened in Germany in the following years means that he was side-tracked from this research. He was also further side-tracked by the fact that he willingly became a medical officer for the Nazis :s-smilie: so it was a long time before cardiac catheterisation became widely spread. But after WW2, cath labs spread around Europe and the world, with cardiac catheterisation now being successfully used as a diagnostic and treatment tool for all sorts of cardiac conditions and saving countless of lives.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Which of these three discoveries did you find most interesting? Do you know any other stories of lucky medical advancements that you can share with us? :smile:
Bonus challenge: try out your knowledge of these medical advancements by taking this short quiz and sharing with us how you did: https://forms.gle/e1wUVNd9vFnQBELh6
:biggrin:

4/5 people! ❤️ :dancing2:

Reply 10

Original post
by Scotland Yard
British Science Week is taking place on The Student Room from 6 March to 15 March, and everyone is welcome to take part. We have lots of threads running throughout the week, and this the most important and lucky discoveries in Medicine thread is one of them.

Be sure to check the British Science Week 2026: Hub Thread to see other threads for you to take part in.
And remember, if you post in at least 15 threads by 31 March, you will also receive a British Science Week Certificate.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Throughout the millennia, humans have tried (with varying amounts of success) to provide medical care. Today, we take a lot of medicine for granted, while forgetting that for most of human history, we did not enjoy from many of the advancements we benefit from today. In this thread I'll chronicle some of these amazing medical advancements which happened more or less by chance. Please add any other advancements you know that I might have overlooked, and have a go at the quiz at the end!
The invention of anaesthesia
Nowadays we take for granted pain-free operations thanks to the wonders of anaesthesia, but its use in surgery started in a very roundabout way.
British Chemist Humphry Davy, in 1799, was experimenting with gases on himself (as was fashionable - and deadly - at the time), when he tried out nitrous oxide. He realised it made him very giggly indeed, and so quickly nitrous oxide experiments filtered out to other chemists, students, and finally, by showmen (!), who made public demonstrations of the giggly effects of nitrous oxide. In 1844, at one of these showmen's demonstration in the United States, the volunteer being administered the gas injured his leg but failed to realise this. Nobody seemed to make much of this except for a serendipitous audience member, Connecticut dentist Horace Wells, who pieced together that he could probably use this to painlessly extract teeth.
The practice of using nitrous oxide spread out slowly but surely amongst dentists, but the thing is nitrous oxide was not the best anaesthetic agent - it was known to kill people as it starved patients of oxygen, and sometimes it didn't work very well. In fact, at a public demonstration, one dentist was laughed out of the room after his patient groaned despite the administration of nitrous oxide. The sceptics remained sceptics, and the hunt for better anaesthetic agents continued.
Enter William Morton, another Connecticut dentist who discovered that ether was a brilliant anaesthetic - better than nitrous oxide! He was persuaded to do a demonstration of ether at Massachusetts General Hospital, to aid the removal of a benign tumour in the neck of a patient. The operation was a success, with the surgeon proclaiming "Gentlemen, this is no humbug!". Word soon spread across the pond to the UK, where the first British operation with anaesthesia was carried out by famed Scottish surgeon Robert Liston at the University College Hospital, and the practice of anaesthesia has continued to evolve and mercifully become a mainstay of surgery ever since.
The discovery of penicillin
Sometimes, it pays to be messy and leave your windows open. Not that this excuse ever flew with my mum when she told me off for having a messy room :tongue:
One of the biggest game-changers in Medicine was the discovery of penicillin. We take antibiotics for granted now, but in a pre-penicillin world, dying from infection was a chillingly easy affair. People could die from something as simple as being cut by a thorn while gardening...
Alexander Fleming was a doctor in St Mary's Hospital, London. By all accounts he was incredibly clever, even if he had a messy lab. In 1928 he went on a 6-week holiday, and he left in his cluttered, messy, lab, a bunch of petri dishes (and, legend has it, his window open), hoping that the bacteria on them would grow while he's away.
Fleming returned to his lab on the 3rd of September, 1928, and he checked up on his bacteria. They were all doing well except for one pesky petri dish, which in his clumsiness, has been colonised by a patch of penicillium mould - he should have closed that window! Better to chuck it away... or is it? Fleming realised that in this accidentally contaminated petri dish, the bacteria on that petri dish were keeping well clear of the mould, because this mould released a chemical (penicillin) that inhibited bacterial growth. He got his observations published and continued to work on the penicillium mould, as he thought that this was the future of antimicrobial medicine. Eventually though, he parked the project, as he believed that the challenges in growing enough penicillium mould in order to produce clinically useful amounts of penicillin couldn't be overcome.
About ten years later, University of Oxford researchers Howard Florey and Ernest Chain picked up where Fleming left off, and for a while they seemed to be getting somewhere. At any rate, in 1941 they believed they had enough penicillin to treat someone. Their unsuspecting test subject was a local policeman who caught a very nasty infection after cutting his finger with a thorn as he was gardening. The policeman was literally on the brink of death, but Florey and Chain, along with some penicillin, manage to bring him back... for a while. Florey and Chain ran out of penicillin, and despite their valiant efforts to recycle penicillin from the policeman's urine, they could not recycle enough, and the policeman regrettably died.
At this point in time, the quest for producing penicillin moved to the U.S. because of WW2 (the British Government was broke and could only spare tiny amounts of cash for research). The American researchers were trying to ramp up penicillin production, and so they were on the hunt for a mould that could produce penicillin on a much faster rate than the mould that Alexander Fleming had discovered. It's at this point that the second happy accident in the history of penicillin happens. One of the U.S. lab employees (rather rudely immortalised in the history books as "Mouldy Mary") bought a cantaloupe at a local market, purely because it had a funky-looking bit of mould. In the lab, the mould was scrapped off, the cantaloupe cut up and eaten, and as luck would have it, this funky-looking cantaloupe mould was producing ginormous amounts of penicillin, thereby solving the matter of mass-producing it. It became available to the Allied armies, where it helped save countless of lives, and then it became available to the general public after the end of the war.
Thanks to the accidental discoveries and developments of Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, Ernest Chain, and Mouldy Mary, literal millions of lives have been saved. Thanks to them, we live in a world in which most infections can be almost magically treated by antibiotics, a world in which a cut from a rose thorn is no longer a death sentence. Please do your bit so we continue to live in this world by finishing your antibiotic prescriptions!
The invention of cardiac catheterisation
Imagine you're bored. What do you do? Perhaps you pick up a book, or you turn on your TV and watch your favourite TV show, or maybe even you go on Instagram... Of course, these are the modern, boring things to relieve boredom. In 1929, a German doctor by the name of Werner Forssmann was feeling very bored in his hospital, and being a doctor and all, he thought picking up a book to relieve his boredom was a very pedestrian thing to do, so instead, he came up with a somewhat different idea to relieve his boredom.
Essentially, he thought that it would be a fabulous idea to pass a catheter through the veins all the way to his heart, more or less simply to see what would happen. The senior doctors at his hospital told him he was crazy, that this would kill the person, and so he was denied permission to do this experiment. The story ends here Forssmann, however, was undeterred. He went over his boss's head and convinced Gerda Ditzen, the OR nurse, to assist him because he needed her in order to steal the OR supplies necessary for this experiment). Ditzen, out of the goodness of her own heart, only agreed to help Forssmann if he carried out the experiment on herself. Forssmann was not the biggest fan of this idea, but having already gone over his boss's head, he decided that tricking Ditzen into giving him the supplies and then doing the experiment on himself anyway was just another "no biggie" in this whole ethically dubious enterprise.
So, he got the supplies with Ditzen's help, pretended to make an incision on the nurse's arm, then he strapped her to the operating table (!) to prevent her from interfering the actual experiment on himself. He cut up his own arm, and only released Dtizen once the catheter was well into his body. He walked over to the X-ray lab to get some evidence of what he'd done, and got what must have been the most interesting X-ray film at time. At any rate, this X-ray saved him from being summarily fired on the spot, and further experiments on terminal patients showed that cardiac catheterisation was a very useful way to administer certain drugs.
Certain events that happened in Germany in the following years means that he was side-tracked from this research. He was also further side-tracked by the fact that he willingly became a medical officer for the Nazis :s-smilie: so it was a long time before cardiac catheterisation became widely spread. But after WW2, cath labs spread around Europe and the world, with cardiac catheterisation now being successfully used as a diagnostic and treatment tool for all sorts of cardiac conditions and saving countless of lives.
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Which of these three discoveries did you find most interesting? Do you know any other stories of lucky medical advancements that you can share with us? :smile:
Bonus challenge: try out your knowledge of these medical advancements by taking this short quiz and sharing with us how you did: https://forms.gle/e1wUVNd9vFnQBELh6
:biggrin:

Only got 3/5 sadly! Interesting with the X-rays and penicillin growths. The invention of anaesthesia is brilliant and has furthered science in amazing ways. One of the main causes of deaths back in the day after surgery and treatment was shock from the pain as I learnt back in GCSE history!

In terms of tech inventions in medicine has been surgical robots capable in insane precision and allowing remote surgery to take place! It has saved many lives and many more robots exist in medicine capable of brilliant, many forgetting that it's this exact tech that keeps medicine going and makes work easier! Go robotics.

Aura, Uni of Staffs, Comp Sci Rep
Original post
by Scotland Yard
(...)

Do you know any other stories of lucky medical advancements that you can share with us? :smile:

Bonus challenge: try out your knowledge of these medical advancements by taking this short quiz and sharing with us how you did: https://forms.gle/e1wUVNd9vFnQBELh6

:biggrin:


Fleming's accidental discovery of penicillin was an important and big step in terms of treatments for bacterial diseases. It is said that it began with a mouldy sandwhich what laid the foundation. Not forget to mention the invention of the light microscope before to notice such pathogens.
(edited 1 month ago)
I find the discovery of penicillin to be one of those things that is just endlessly inspiring and ridiculous and wonderful.

Also, not biased at all because one of the scientists who won the Nobel Prize for it was an alum of Fitzwilliam college (the college in Cambridge that accepted me) so I think that's pretty cool too!

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