OCR Biology - Mammalian Physiology and Behaviour; June 2009

No that's not quite right.
Classical Conditioning is one stimuli, like for Pavlov's dog experiment such as the food. You're thinking of Operant Conditioning by Skinner which is the two stimuli that act as re enforcers to create associative learning, where such as a rat learns to press a button for a reward and a button for a punishment, so the frequency of the one stimuli increases.
Habituation is the type of learning where an animal learns not to respond to a repeated harmful stimulus, such as in Operant Conditioning.

ossification is the gradual replacement of cartilage with bone. This happens shortly after birth because in the uterus, foetal skeleton is mainly cartilage.

I am completely ready to flop this tomorrow. I need to make notes on everything (after just about understanding the content) and maybe do 1 past paper. And then be ready to repeat this process for chemistry on thursday morning.

I don't think we'll be questioned on the eye somehow because it's come up on the past few papers and this is the last year for our specification isn't it? That makes me think that they might put on things that haven't come up recently.

What topics should i learn for the exam?

any one know the exact funtion of the ganglion cell next to the rod cells? does it carry impulses to the brain about infomation on ...whether its light or dark..

Ruminant digestion specialized for obtaining energy from cellulose:
• 4 Chambered stomach for storage of food
• Rumen → Reticulum → Omasum → Abomasum
• Rumen full of bacteria
• Bacteria produce cellulase (cellulose → glucose) in anaerobic conditions
(O2 usedby other microbes and absorbed into blood)
• Regurgitation / chewing the cud helps mechanical digestion
• Bacteria convert glucose → fatty acids which are used by ruminant
• Omasum squeezes out water
• Abomasum (like normal stomach): Bacteria are digested to provide protein
• Nitrogen recycled as urea from liver secreted in large volume of saliva
• Mutualistic relationship as both benefit: bacteria get carbohydrate and
urea, ruminant gets source of energy and protein


this is taken from some post on the first page of this thread! some really good notes in there !!

proteins the only hard!
carbs are: starch -> maltose (amylase) in mouth and duodenum
maltose-> glucose (maltase) mainly on membrane in ileum
fat is: lipids-> glycerol + fatty acids (lipase) in the stomach and the duodenum
Protein: starts with pepsin (breaks into peptides) then trypsin + chymotrypsin (breaks even smaller) and finally carboxypeptidase (breaks of end individual amino acids)

Does anyone have a good way of remembering all the enzymes used in digestion??

On a 5 min break, just been over it, and that (and the rumient stomach) are the only things I'm really wary on

yeh i have been using those notes since last night :P
but im annoyed i didnt have enought time to do every past paper