AQA AS Unit 1 Biology Exam 21st May 2015

Would saying atheroma is fatty material deposits on walls of artery enough or do I need to say all the LDLs cholesterol and stuff?

wtf is interleukins?

I though that the killer t cells perforate the membrane of infected cells to kill them.

can any one explain the whole question 6 in May 2011 bio 1 ?

Which order do organelles come out in ultracentrifugation? Nucleus, mitochondria... Then?

Which order do organelles come out in ultracentrifugation? Nucleus, mitochondria... Then?

Extracted by introducing foreign material with mice- immune response triggered.
B cells are extracted and mixed with a tumor so that they can grow outside.
Detergent added to break down the cells and allow them to fuse together.
Then separated under microscope
Screened to see if the cells are producing the desired antibodies- of so they are then cultured and cloned on a large scale.

Which order do organelles come out in ultracentrifugation? Nucleus, mitochondria... Then?

Hasn't come up as a 5 marker yet so I'm not too sure. But these are the main parts of each.

Cell mediated:
Macrophages ingest viruses. Viral antigens are displayed on the surface of the macrophage. Viruses also infect body cells which display antigens on their surface.
Helper T cells bind with the antigens on macrophages and release interleukins
Interleukins activate T cells with appropriate receptors
These T cells divide via mitosis and differentiate into killer T cells and memory T cells
Killer T cells bind with antigens on body cells and destroy them

Humoral:
Some bacteria is ingested by macrophages which display antigens on their surface while some bacteria recognised by inactive B cells
Helper T cells bind with macrophage and release interleukins
Interleukins trigger B cells
B cells undergo mitosis and differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells
Antibodies on B cells carry out agglutination and trigger phagocytosis

Correct me if I'm wrong please

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Chemicals sent by helper t cells to stimulate the production of B cells.Also used by antigen presenting cells like macrophages to attract the attention of helper t cells.

Which order do organelles come out in ultracentrifugation? Nucleus, mitochondria... Then?

We don't need to know this right? It's not in the spec...

If anybody wants a handy PowerPoint that covers the whole topic, I've uploaded one here ^. It covers all the spec (mostly...fingers crossed) yes there are a few spelling mistakes but you can work it out! Enjoy!

You guys are getting too deep here lol. All the book says is t helper cells attach to processed antigens on b-cells.

Thanks anyways

lysosomes , ribosomes

You're not required to know that far into it.

You're not required to know that far into it.