OCR Biology F215 Control, Genomes and Environment Fri 15 June 2012

correct hahahahahahahahahhaha sorryyyyy meant race horses loool

my turn

ok

CNS: consists of brain and spinal cord. brain has grey matter and white matter, myelinated and unmyelinated respectively. perefect I literally can't add anything further other than refering the peripheral nervous system as what connects the CNA to the rest of the body

You seem to have left out Motor and sensory which Might be worthwhile including so that you can refer to the Sensory taking impulses from receptor to CNS and Motor taking impulses from CNA to effector then saying

autonomic and Somatic : not under your conscious control and is subdivided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic pathway. also i think it is non-myelinated. Usually neurones of the autonomic nervous system are present in groups of 2 or more going to the effector (connected at Ganglion)
Correct, i moved this here since it makes more sense here ''somatic: this is myelinated and carrys impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle which are under voluntary control ALSO usually only a single neurone of the somatic nervous systme travel to effector. ''

the parasympathetic is involved in relaxation so i.e. decreases the heart rate.
the sympathetic is involved in the flight or fight response and usually increases the heart rate, pupil dilation etc. Neurotransmitter = Acetylcholine

Correct + Sympathetic = Most active in time of stress eg fight or flight response therefore increases heart rate, breating rate etc Neurotransmitter = Noradrenaline


outline the structural and functional differences between voluntary, involuntray and cardiac muscle? (6)

PCR:
-primers/nucleotides, dna and dna polymerase are mixed,
-it's heated to 95c, which breaks the hydrogen bonds and leaved dna single stranded,
-temp is lowered to 55, where primers can attach to complimentary exposed bases/annealing,
-temp raised to 72, dna polymerase extendedd dna chain by adding nucleotides along exposed bases,

-dna polymerase is thermophillic because it's not denatured by extreme tempereatures,

-explain how recombinant plasmids are formed and how bacteria takes them up (7)
-explain/describe genetic engineering (combining certain dna fragments etc.) 6

you would say complementary anticodons
and no no not annealing notthing to do with this annealing happens in PCR , sequecing genome e.t.c

Ok
Define:somatic muation(2)

do you mean somatic cell gene therapy?
involves genes being added (augmentation) or gene therapy by killing specific cells??

1) you want be to describe replica one with the agar or not?
2) so to get the renin for example which is a protein to genetically engineer that we need to cut the gene to fragmenets using restriction enzyme.
using DNA probes
cut the plasmid with the same restriction enzyme
-sticky ends
-join the plasmid with the renin gene to form recombinanat DNA (complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds)
- then is forms transformed bacteria

no somatic mutation from chapter 1?

-plasmid are cut with same restriction enzyme as isolated gene so complimentary sticky ends, quantities of both are mixed with ligase, some o the plasmid attach with gene and are sealed by ligase => recombinant plasmid formed

-recombinant plasmid is mixed with bacetria, bacteria take up some of the reformed plasmid, heat shocks and calcium salts (freezing->40c) can improve this process, transformed bacteria is said to be transgenic



-certain restriction enzymes cute dna at specific places where a certain base sequence occurs and only there,
-it catalyses a hydrolysis reaction where sugar-phosphate backbone breaks givin it a staggered cut/,
-dna fragments cut with same restriction enzyme have complimentary sticky ends and can join-

6/6 well done! what about gel electrophoresis?(5)

is this 1 or 2nd question and how many marks i got for second question?

ohh is it a change in genetic structure that is not passed to offspring or inherited?

what are 4 examples of how variation occurs(4)

it's both combined-plasmid bacteria is the first answer i put and the second one is about genetic engineering,

-4/6


i'll be back round 8 going to do some maths

State the enzymes used in genetic engineering and describe their uses. (8 marks)

State the enzymes used in genetic engineering and describe their uses. (8 marks)

ok thanks so question 1 and 2 the questions were similar right?

Sorry i took so long only just seen this!

1. Myosin head groups attach to the actin filament forming a cross-bridge
2. The head group the bends, pulling along the filament causing more overlap. This is the power stroke. ADP and Pi are released
3.The cross-bridge is then broken as a new ATP molecule attached to the myosin head
4. The head group then moves backwards as the ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and Pi. It can then from a cross-bridge further along the actin filament (stage 1) and bend again (stage 2)

Actually I guess that doesn't really help with your question :s sorry

-restriction enzyme-for cutting dna into fragments,
-dna polymerase to add free nucleotides,
-ligase to reseal plasmids,
- that's all i got

yes they are connected