So I'm really confused about the circuit rule regarding P.D. in parallel circuits. How is P.D. calculated for say, a resistor that is in parallel?
When you have a parallel component in a circuit, the voltage across each of the branches is the same (but the current can differ).
For example: in a circuit with a 10v cell connected to two parallel resistors, the PD across each resistor will be 10v. Using V=IR, you can then find the current flowing in each branch, if that's needed.