due to contraction of left ventricle, there is a high blood pressure in the afferent arteriole. ultra filtration occurs between the renal capsule and glomerulus which has pores that allow small substances such as water, amino acids, glucose to be forced out of the capillary. the endothelial capillary layer is also attached to the basement membrane which acts as a fine filter and holds back the large plasma proteins, the filtered substances form urine and travel through the nephron

Original post by Mcpatel24

Could someone summarise the production of urine?

Reply 84

username2150441

15

Original post by tsunderhi_

will pm you as its supposed to be locked

can you send it to me? also the specimens that we don't have access to? thanks!

Reply 85

Azeee

14

This is the production of the glomerular filtrate, I wouldn’t say it’s the full process for the production of urine cos I think you need to mention ADH and stuff for that, and also the afferent arteriolar has a higher pressure from being narrow too

Original post by Zaki1039

due to contraction of left ventricle, there is a high blood pressure in the afferent arteriole. ultra filtration occurs between the renal capsule and glomerulus which has pores that allow small substances such as water, amino acids, glucose to be forced out of the capillary. the endothelial capillary layer is also attached to the basement membrane which acts as a fine filter and holds back the large plasma proteins, the filtered substances form urine and travel through the nephron

Reply 86

LifeIsSoHard

12

Does anyone have a list of good ‘off-spec’ topics that we could include in the essay?

Preferably ones that are linked to the predictions (phosphorous compounds & cycles).

Reply 87

username2740239

12

Original post by LifeIsSoHard

Does anyone have a list of good ‘off-spec’ topics that we could include in the essay?

Preferably ones that are linked to the predictions (phosphorous compounds & cycles).

The carbon cycle, I think I still remember some of it from gcse but it isn't on the A level spec

Reply 88

Virolite

14

carbon cycle, it was on the old spec so there's plenty of resources.

Original post by LifeIsSoHard

Does anyone have a list of good ‘off-spec’ topics that we could include in the essay?

Preferably ones that are linked to the predictions (phosphorous compounds & cycles).

Reply 89

VictiniCup

16

Original post by LifeIsSoHard

Does anyone have a list of good ‘off-spec’ topics that we could include in the essay?

Preferably ones that are linked to the predictions (phosphorous compounds & cycles).

Carbon cycle
Do you have a list of the essay predictions?

Reply 90

Azeee

14

You guys you can’t get those off spec marks for the carbon cycle, it has to be content that’s non gcse level aka a level or above, not something the average person who would have studied. This was written on one of the aqa documents that talks about how teachers should teach students for this essay or something...gonna have to try harder than that : )

Reply 91

hxrrisonjames

6

If the essay is something like
'Explain the importance of cycles in Biology (25 marks)' - I've seen this being predicted a fair amount
What topics could come up?
So far I've got:
- Nutrient cycles - Phosphorus and Nitrogen
- Cardiac cycle
- Cell cycle

Would this be enough? Are there any other cycles or relevant material? Thanks

Reply 92

Dilof

11

Original post by hxrrisonjames

If the essay is something like
'Explain the importance of cycles in Biology (25 marks)' - I've seen this being predicted a fair amount
What topics could come up?
So far I've got:
- Nutrient cycles - Phosphorus and Nitrogen
- Cardiac cycle
- Cell cycle

Would this be enough? Are there any other cycles or relevant material? Thanks

Kreb's Calvins, ventilation cycle (inhalation exhalation - good AS topic)

Reply 93

hxrrisonjames

6

Thanks a lot, Krebs and Calvin cycles are a good shout for photosynthesis and respiration
Could link phosphorus and krebs/calvin via ATP somehow

Original post by Dilof

Kreb's Calvins, ventilation cycle (inhalation exhalation - good AS topic)

Reply 94

VictiniCup

16

You don't have to do off spec stuff. You can get 23 marks without it.

Reply 95

hxrrisonjames

6

That's good because I don't know any :lolwut:

Original post by VictiniCup

You don't have to do off spec stuff. You can get 23 marks without it.

Reply 96

Azeee

14

Yeah but you said you could get them by talking about carbon cycle (in a cycle essay) and I was just pointing out that you can’t. If you’re not concerned with all 25 then yes this is your best approach

Original post by VictiniCup

You don't have to do off spec stuff. You can get 23 marks without it.

Reply 97

tsunderhi_

17

Just introduce off-spec words rather than a whole topic.
Like for Gene expression you can talk about TAQ polymerase. Thermo-cycler is used to amplify the DNA fragment. When plasmids are cultured they’re cultured in an ice cold solution of CaCl2.
-Electron transport chains you can say theres a cytochrome complex (fancy word for protein) between the photosystems.
-Phosphorus cycles you can say guano is a fertiliser & then talk about the effects.
-Nitrogen Cycles: use examples of the nitrifying bacteria ( Nitrobacter and Nitrosomas)
-Immunity: Vibro Chloeroe is an example of bacterial pathogen that causes disease
Homeostasis: Type 1 Diabetes causes hypoglycaemia when their blood glucose level rises and doesn’t fall

Original post by LifeIsSoHard

Does anyone have a list of good ‘off-spec’ topics that we could include in the essay?

Preferably ones that are linked to the predictions (phosphorous compounds & cycles).