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No, British troops at the Somme were not majority 17-19. Not even close. The majority would have been at least well into their 20s. Officially, the Army didn't accept under-18s at all, and did not send under-19s to the front (though the latter rule was dropped in the last few months of the war, when the situation was becoming truly desperate). Of course, a decent number slipped through the gaps for various reasons - they lied about their age, or military recruiters and officers ignored the rules to make their quotas, or simply because of mundane paperwork mistakes - but a relatively small minority, probably about 250,000 maximum (out of over 5 million men in total who served, so maybe 5%). And being recruited at 17 doesn't mean they saw combat at 17. Or indeed, at all - about 20% of underage soldiers were found out and discharged within just a month of signing up! But even for those who passed under the radar, organising, equipping and training them took time - many of those fighting for the first time at the Somme had joined up at the outbreak of the war, nearly two years earlier. As for the French, they set their conscription age at 20 - and as, unlike Britain, they already had an established mass conscript army and conscription bureaucracy, rather than having to improvise one rapidly, it's likely their proportion of underage troops was much lower.
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No, they didn't "charge in face of certain death". The assessment of the generals, which was relayed down to the enlisted men, significantly underestimated how strong the German resistance would be. The plan was that the preceding British artillery barrage of the German trenches would have destroyed their defences, leaving the infantry with the relatively straightforward job of crossing No-Man's Land and overwhelming what little German forces remained. And in the Southern part of the Somme front, this was indeed what happened, and British troops their advanced to most of their objectives with relative ease. The disastrous bloodbath further North was in large part down to German defences proving much stronger than expected.
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Soldiers mutinying against their commanders and refusing to fight was in fact a huge and crucial problem in World War I. Indeed, it's how the war ended! German, Hungarian and Bulgarian troops all mutinied en masse in late 1918, leading to military collapse and defeat. And it wasn't just on the Central Powers side. Mass mutinies in the Russian Army were a large part of the Russian Revolution in 1917. The French army also saw wide-ranging mutinies in 1917 - only the huge German intelligence failure of not recognising their full extent enough to take advantage saved the French from a catastrophe.
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British soldiers in World War I are not really an example of men shaped by "hard times". In fact, they'd grown up in pretty good times, relatively speaking - they were from the homeland of the world's richest, most powerful empire, whose geopolitical position had previously seemed so secure that (unlike the continental powers) it saw little need for a mass conscript army. It would be quite possible to be an ordinary British adult in 1913 and not really know anyone in your social circles who'd experienced war before - something that would have been quite exceptional for a Frenchman, German, Russian, Austrian, Italian, Serbian, Turk, etc living at the same time.
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