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Mismatch repair (MMR): Corrects errors that occur during DNA replication, ensuring that the newly synthesized DNA strand matches the original template.
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Base excision repair (BER): Deals with small-scale DNA damage, such as modifications or chemical alterations to individual bases. The damaged base is removed and replaced with the correct one.
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Nucleotide excision repair (NER): Repairs bulky DNA lesions caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation or certain chemical compounds. It involves the removal and replacement of a segment of DNA containing the damaged site.
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Homologous recombination (HR): Repairs DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by using an undamaged sister chromatid or homologous DNA sequence as a template for accurate repair.
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Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ): Joins DNA ends resulting from DSBs, often without requiring a homologous template. It is a quick but potentially error-prone repair mechanism.
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