Importance of nucleic acid in organisms
guys am practicing don't be rude please rate out of 25 please and really give me critics finding it hard to write essays
There are three main types of nucleic acid that plays a major role in metabolic processes. These are Mrna and dna,within mrna it can be broken down into trna and rna.Both trna and mrna constis of uracil,guanie ,cytosine and adenine as its base and a ribose pentose sugar where as dna consists of thymine insead of uracil as its nitrogenous base with a deoxyribose sugar.Mrna plays a major role in prokaryotic organism as it does not contains any introns whereas dna does. DNA strands are double stranded with a helical structure where as mrna is a short single stranded. These nucleic acids plays a major role in synthesis proteins where by dna is the site of genetic information. Within these structures they have strong hydrogen bonds within complementary bases where adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with thymine and guanine and cytosine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with each other. When these bonds are broken it allows for them to re-join back to their complementary strands. The basic structure of nucleic acid and what they consist of reflects the importance of nucleic acid allowing for reactions to occurs and for successful binding with mrna being single stranded it can bind to dna which allows for production of proteins
There are often mutations that can come about altering dna base sequence causing a change in the tertiary structure and resulting in a non-functional protein if its not a substitution.There are 4 main types of mutation that causes a frame shift mutation which includes translocation ,deletion ,inversion and addition, these causes new combination of triplets being formed which can negatively affect the ptoein being formed.A tumour suppreseor genes can be activated causing uncontrolled cell division forming cancerous tumours. However not all mutations are dangerous and cause alteration in dna base sequence due to its characteristics of being degenerate, many base sequences can encode for the same one amino acids. These mutations can arise due to mutagenic agents and in meiosis [during prophase 1].Crossing over and independent segregation causes increase in genetic diversity. These alteration in dna base sequence allows for increase in genetic diversity which can increase biodiversity however it can also lead to genetic diseases such as having a autosomal diseases.
Furthermore, DNA can be replicated to allow for transcription to occur and for process such as mitosis and meiosis to occur as DNA is replicated during s phase. During DNA replication enzymes plays a major role those enzymes include DNA helicases and dna polymerase. DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary strands and forms single strands. These free nucleotides now acts as a template strand which dna polymerase can catalyse the formation of phosphodiester bonds between complementary base sequences between adenine and thymine’s, guanine and cytosine forming one new strand and an old strand is syhteised.this process allows for many metabolic reactions to occur such as synthesis of protein and for photosynthesis to occur .This allows for the cytoplasm to divide and produce two genetically identical daughter cells in mitosis.During mitosis chromosomes condense and become visible and are pulled to the opposite poles when the sister chromatids are split.Which allows for cytokinesis to occur when the cytoplasm divided.This shows the importance of nucleic acids without dna replication mitosis won’t occur which is vital for cell growth and to reapir damages cells,this allows for this to occur and cells are able to replace themselves .
At the end stage of transcription splicing occurs where introns are removed so that proteins can be synthesis for prokaryotic organisms ,
During translation Mrna and trna plays a major role in translation which sytheisis proteins.Trna consistis of anticodon bases that are complementary and specific to mrna base sequences.These brings specifc amino acids to mrna which is the starts of translation,when ribosomes binds to mrna sequences another trna brongs an amino acids to mrna and a polypeptide can be formed as ribosomes koves along the strand via a condensation reaction using atp.Due to the charcateritics of these nucleic acids being single stranded and complementary to each other it allows for suvessful binding so that a protein can be formed.This process allows for a protein molcule to be formed which can be used for many process such as forming polymers and forming fibrous proteins which plays a role in strengthening and thicken hair follicles cells.Without translations and transcription proteins are unable to syhesised so proteins won't be able to be modified and packed in Golgi apparatus ,the immune response will also be affected as it relies on proteins such as antibodies for aggulnation creating destruction to antigens
guys am practicing don't be rude please rate out of 25 please and really give me critics finding it hard to write essays
There are three main types of nucleic acid that plays a major role in metabolic processes. These are Mrna and dna,within mrna it can be broken down into trna and rna.Both trna and mrna constis of uracil,guanie ,cytosine and adenine as its base and a ribose pentose sugar where as dna consists of thymine insead of uracil as its nitrogenous base with a deoxyribose sugar.Mrna plays a major role in prokaryotic organism as it does not contains any introns whereas dna does. DNA strands are double stranded with a helical structure where as mrna is a short single stranded. These nucleic acids plays a major role in synthesis proteins where by dna is the site of genetic information. Within these structures they have strong hydrogen bonds within complementary bases where adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with thymine and guanine and cytosine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with each other. When these bonds are broken it allows for them to re-join back to their complementary strands. The basic structure of nucleic acid and what they consist of reflects the importance of nucleic acid allowing for reactions to occurs and for successful binding with mrna being single stranded it can bind to dna which allows for production of proteins
There are often mutations that can come about altering dna base sequence causing a change in the tertiary structure and resulting in a non-functional protein if its not a substitution.There are 4 main types of mutation that causes a frame shift mutation which includes translocation ,deletion ,inversion and addition, these causes new combination of triplets being formed which can negatively affect the ptoein being formed.A tumour suppreseor genes can be activated causing uncontrolled cell division forming cancerous tumours. However not all mutations are dangerous and cause alteration in dna base sequence due to its characteristics of being degenerate, many base sequences can encode for the same one amino acids. These mutations can arise due to mutagenic agents and in meiosis [during prophase 1].Crossing over and independent segregation causes increase in genetic diversity. These alteration in dna base sequence allows for increase in genetic diversity which can increase biodiversity however it can also lead to genetic diseases such as having a autosomal diseases.
Furthermore, DNA can be replicated to allow for transcription to occur and for process such as mitosis and meiosis to occur as DNA is replicated during s phase. During DNA replication enzymes plays a major role those enzymes include DNA helicases and dna polymerase. DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary strands and forms single strands. These free nucleotides now acts as a template strand which dna polymerase can catalyse the formation of phosphodiester bonds between complementary base sequences between adenine and thymine’s, guanine and cytosine forming one new strand and an old strand is syhteised.this process allows for many metabolic reactions to occur such as synthesis of protein and for photosynthesis to occur .This allows for the cytoplasm to divide and produce two genetically identical daughter cells in mitosis.During mitosis chromosomes condense and become visible and are pulled to the opposite poles when the sister chromatids are split.Which allows for cytokinesis to occur when the cytoplasm divided.This shows the importance of nucleic acids without dna replication mitosis won’t occur which is vital for cell growth and to reapir damages cells,this allows for this to occur and cells are able to replace themselves .
At the end stage of transcription splicing occurs where introns are removed so that proteins can be synthesis for prokaryotic organisms ,
During translation Mrna and trna plays a major role in translation which sytheisis proteins.Trna consistis of anticodon bases that are complementary and specific to mrna base sequences.These brings specifc amino acids to mrna which is the starts of translation,when ribosomes binds to mrna sequences another trna brongs an amino acids to mrna and a polypeptide can be formed as ribosomes koves along the strand via a condensation reaction using atp.Due to the charcateritics of these nucleic acids being single stranded and complementary to each other it allows for suvessful binding so that a protein can be formed.This process allows for a protein molcule to be formed which can be used for many process such as forming polymers and forming fibrous proteins which plays a role in strengthening and thicken hair follicles cells.Without translations and transcription proteins are unable to syhesised so proteins won't be able to be modified and packed in Golgi apparatus ,the immune response will also be affected as it relies on proteins such as antibodies for aggulnation creating destruction to antigens
(edited 10 months ago)
Original post by Melissa.027:
Importance of nucleic acid in organisms
guys am practicing don't be rude please rate out of 25 please and really give me critics finding it hard to write essays
There are three main types of nucleic acid that plays a major role in metabolic processes. These are Mrna and dna,within mrna it can be broken down into trna and rna.Both trna and mrna constis of uracil,guanie ,cytosine and adenine as its base and a ribose pentose sugar where as dna consists of thymine insead of uracil as its nitrogenous base with a deoxyribose sugar.Mrna plays a major role in prokaryotic organism as it does not contains any introns whereas dna does. DNA strands are double stranded with a helical structure where as mrna is a short single stranded. These nucleic acids plays a major role in synthesis proteins where by dna is the site of genetic information. Within these structures they have strong hydrogen bonds within complementary bases where adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with thymine and guanine and cytosine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with each other. When these bonds are broken it allows for them to re-join back to their complementary strands. The basic structure of nucleic acid and what they consist of reflects the importance of nucleic acid allowing for reactions to occurs and for successful binding with mrna being single stranded it can bind to dna which allows for production of proteins
There are often mutations that can come about altering dna base sequence causing a change in the tertiary structure and resulting in a non-functional protein if its not a substitution.There are 4 main types of mutation that causes a frame shift mutation which includes translocation ,deletion ,inversion and addition, these causes new combination of triplets being formed which can negatively affect the ptoein being formed.A tumour suppreseor genes can be activated causing uncontrolled cell division forming cancerous tumours. However not all mutations are dangerous and cause alteration in dna base sequence due to its characteristics of being degenerate, many base sequences can encode for the same one amino acids. These mutations can arise due to mutagenic agents and in meiosis [during prophase 1].Crossing over and independent segregation causes increase in genetic diversity. These alteration in dna base sequence allows for increase in genetic diversity which can increase biodiversity however it can also lead to genetic diseases such as having a autosomal diseases.
Furthermore, DNA can be replicated to allow for transcription to occur and for process such as mitosis and meiosis to occur as DNA is replicated during s phase. During DNA replication enzymes plays a major role those enzymes include DNA helicases and dna polymerase. DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary strands and forms single strands. These free nucleotides now acts as a template strand which dna polymerase can catalyse the formation of phosphodiester bonds between complementary base sequences between adenine and thymine’s, guanine and cytosine forming one new strand and an old strand is syhteised.this process allows for many metabolic reactions to occur such as synthesis of protein and for photosynthesis to occur .This allows for the cytoplasm to divide and produce two genetically identical daughter cells in mitosis.During mitosis chromosomes condense and become visible and are pulled to the opposite poles when the sister chromatids are split.Which allows for cytokinesis to occur when the cytoplasm divided.This shows the importance of nucleic acids without dna replication mitosis won’t occur which is vital for cell growth and to reapir damages cells,this allows for this to occur and cells are able to replace themselves .
At the end stage of transcription splicing occurs where introns are removed so that proteins can be synthesis for prokaryotic organisms ,
During translation Mrna and trna plays a major role in translation which sytheisis proteins.Trna consistis of anticodon bases that are complementary and specific to mrna base sequences.These brings specifc amino acids to mrna which is the starts of translation,when ribosomes binds to mrna sequences another trna brongs an amino acids to mrna and a polypeptide can be formed as ribosomes koves along the strand via a condensation reaction using atp.Due to the charcateritics of these nucleic acids being single stranded and complementary to each other it allows for suvessful binding so that a protein can be formed.This process allows for a protein molcule to be formed which can be used for many process such as forming polymers and forming fibrous proteins which plays a role in strengthening and thicken hair follicles cells.Without translations and transcription proteins are unable to syhesised so proteins won't be able to be modified and packed in Golgi apparatus ,the immune response will also be affected as it relies on proteins such as antibodies for aggulnation creating destruction to antigens
guys am practicing don't be rude please rate out of 25 please and really give me critics finding it hard to write essays
There are three main types of nucleic acid that plays a major role in metabolic processes. These are Mrna and dna,within mrna it can be broken down into trna and rna.Both trna and mrna constis of uracil,guanie ,cytosine and adenine as its base and a ribose pentose sugar where as dna consists of thymine insead of uracil as its nitrogenous base with a deoxyribose sugar.Mrna plays a major role in prokaryotic organism as it does not contains any introns whereas dna does. DNA strands are double stranded with a helical structure where as mrna is a short single stranded. These nucleic acids plays a major role in synthesis proteins where by dna is the site of genetic information. Within these structures they have strong hydrogen bonds within complementary bases where adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with thymine and guanine and cytosine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with each other. When these bonds are broken it allows for them to re-join back to their complementary strands. The basic structure of nucleic acid and what they consist of reflects the importance of nucleic acid allowing for reactions to occurs and for successful binding with mrna being single stranded it can bind to dna which allows for production of proteins
There are often mutations that can come about altering dna base sequence causing a change in the tertiary structure and resulting in a non-functional protein if its not a substitution.There are 4 main types of mutation that causes a frame shift mutation which includes translocation ,deletion ,inversion and addition, these causes new combination of triplets being formed which can negatively affect the ptoein being formed.A tumour suppreseor genes can be activated causing uncontrolled cell division forming cancerous tumours. However not all mutations are dangerous and cause alteration in dna base sequence due to its characteristics of being degenerate, many base sequences can encode for the same one amino acids. These mutations can arise due to mutagenic agents and in meiosis [during prophase 1].Crossing over and independent segregation causes increase in genetic diversity. These alteration in dna base sequence allows for increase in genetic diversity which can increase biodiversity however it can also lead to genetic diseases such as having a autosomal diseases.
Furthermore, DNA can be replicated to allow for transcription to occur and for process such as mitosis and meiosis to occur as DNA is replicated during s phase. During DNA replication enzymes plays a major role those enzymes include DNA helicases and dna polymerase. DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary strands and forms single strands. These free nucleotides now acts as a template strand which dna polymerase can catalyse the formation of phosphodiester bonds between complementary base sequences between adenine and thymine’s, guanine and cytosine forming one new strand and an old strand is syhteised.this process allows for many metabolic reactions to occur such as synthesis of protein and for photosynthesis to occur .This allows for the cytoplasm to divide and produce two genetically identical daughter cells in mitosis.During mitosis chromosomes condense and become visible and are pulled to the opposite poles when the sister chromatids are split.Which allows for cytokinesis to occur when the cytoplasm divided.This shows the importance of nucleic acids without dna replication mitosis won’t occur which is vital for cell growth and to reapir damages cells,this allows for this to occur and cells are able to replace themselves .
At the end stage of transcription splicing occurs where introns are removed so that proteins can be synthesis for prokaryotic organisms ,
During translation Mrna and trna plays a major role in translation which sytheisis proteins.Trna consistis of anticodon bases that are complementary and specific to mrna base sequences.These brings specifc amino acids to mrna which is the starts of translation,when ribosomes binds to mrna sequences another trna brongs an amino acids to mrna and a polypeptide can be formed as ribosomes koves along the strand via a condensation reaction using atp.Due to the charcateritics of these nucleic acids being single stranded and complementary to each other it allows for suvessful binding so that a protein can be formed.This process allows for a protein molcule to be formed which can be used for many process such as forming polymers and forming fibrous proteins which plays a role in strengthening and thicken hair follicles cells.Without translations and transcription proteins are unable to syhesised so proteins won't be able to be modified and packed in Golgi apparatus ,the immune response will also be affected as it relies on proteins such as antibodies for aggulnation creating destruction to antigens
Your links in this as an essay are great, but try not to think of this as an essay and approach it more like a scientific journal. Introduction and conclusion gain you no marks and are a waste of time, as stated many times in examiner reports. When you write you should start with your topic of focus ie nucleic acids in the DNA and mRNA molecules, then discuss the IMPORTANCE of these (this should be 1/3 of the paragraph). Perfect content with no links to the importance cannot score more than 15. So for nucleic acid example the importance is base pairing in processes such as DNA replication, for accurate genetic replication by semi conservative replication (template strands) ensuring genetic continuity or protein synthesis through the production of specific mRNA that code for a specific protein, in response to a stimulus (transcription factor) in plasma cells, for example, for the mass production of specific antibodies.
(edited 10 months ago)
The more closely you stick to the specification the better. Make your answers fluid and non-rigid so you can mention as many ideas, keywords and biological terminology as possible. One of the points on the marks scheme is to chose different topics. Nucleic acids you could go:
1: DNA molecule
Importance: semi conservative replication and genetic continuity
2: RNA molecule in Protein synthesis, degenerate.
Importance: Antibody production in plasma cells caused agglutination, phagocytes engulf and hydrolyze pathogens preventing damage from toxins so greater survival rates.
3. siRNA and miRNA
Importance: inhibition of viral mRNA, possible treatments, vaccines etc, again survival rates.
4. Single strand polymorphisms (SNPs) and Variable Number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
Importance: SNPs identify alleles that can cause disease, genetic counselling. VNTRs can be used in forensic science.
5. nucleic acids universal
Importance: recombinant DNA by using restriction endonuclease and ligase to insert specific alleles to vectors, transformation in bacteria to produce a transgenic organism. Bacteria producing insulin, human insulin replaces pig insulin.
These are just some ideas.
Your essay stands good as an essay but they are not assessing the quality of English or expression but rather the quality of scientific argument, always focus on that.
1: DNA molecule
Importance: semi conservative replication and genetic continuity
2: RNA molecule in Protein synthesis, degenerate.
Importance: Antibody production in plasma cells caused agglutination, phagocytes engulf and hydrolyze pathogens preventing damage from toxins so greater survival rates.
3. siRNA and miRNA
Importance: inhibition of viral mRNA, possible treatments, vaccines etc, again survival rates.
4. Single strand polymorphisms (SNPs) and Variable Number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
Importance: SNPs identify alleles that can cause disease, genetic counselling. VNTRs can be used in forensic science.
5. nucleic acids universal
Importance: recombinant DNA by using restriction endonuclease and ligase to insert specific alleles to vectors, transformation in bacteria to produce a transgenic organism. Bacteria producing insulin, human insulin replaces pig insulin.
These are just some ideas.
Your essay stands good as an essay but they are not assessing the quality of English or expression but rather the quality of scientific argument, always focus on that.
Original post by Applewood_
The more closely you stick to the specification the better. Make your answers fluid and non-rigid so you can mention as many ideas, keywords and biological terminology as possible. One of the points on the marks scheme is to chose different topics. Nucleic acids you could go:
1: DNA molecule
Importance: semi conservative replication and genetic continuity
2: RNA molecule in Protein synthesis, degenerate.
Importance: Antibody production in plasma cells caused agglutination, phagocytes engulf and hydrolyze pathogens preventing damage from toxins so greater survival rates.
3. siRNA and miRNA
Importance: inhibition of viral mRNA, possible treatments, vaccines etc, again survival rates.
4. Single strand polymorphisms (SNPs) and Variable Number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
Importance: SNPs identify alleles that can cause disease, genetic counselling. VNTRs can be used in forensic science.
5. nucleic acids universal
Importance: recombinant DNA by using restriction endonuclease and ligase to insert specific alleles to vectors, transformation in bacteria to produce a transgenic organism. Bacteria producing insulin, human insulin replaces pig insulin.
These are just some ideas.
Your essay stands good as an essay but they are not assessing the quality of English or expression but rather the quality of scientific argument, always focus on that.
1: DNA molecule
Importance: semi conservative replication and genetic continuity
2: RNA molecule in Protein synthesis, degenerate.
Importance: Antibody production in plasma cells caused agglutination, phagocytes engulf and hydrolyze pathogens preventing damage from toxins so greater survival rates.
3. siRNA and miRNA
Importance: inhibition of viral mRNA, possible treatments, vaccines etc, again survival rates.
4. Single strand polymorphisms (SNPs) and Variable Number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
Importance: SNPs identify alleles that can cause disease, genetic counselling. VNTRs can be used in forensic science.
5. nucleic acids universal
Importance: recombinant DNA by using restriction endonuclease and ligase to insert specific alleles to vectors, transformation in bacteria to produce a transgenic organism. Bacteria producing insulin, human insulin replaces pig insulin.
These are just some ideas.
Your essay stands good as an essay but they are not assessing the quality of English or expression but rather the quality of scientific argument, always focus on that.
Thank you so much this means a lot to me roughly how many marks would I get am aiming to get atp east in then band higher then 15 marks
Original post by laraaaaaaa.ox
Thank you so much this means a lot to me roughly how many marks would I get am aiming to get atp east in then band higher then 15 marks
I think 13-14. You have gone in the right direction in terms of content, but you need to focus a bit more on the importance. When doing these I have realised its better to cut down a bit on the content when your are explaining what the topic is, like DNA molecule and then add more content in the importance. For the importance to be strong, its good to use A level topics as well. For example if you are talking about the immune system, link the importance to vaccination, antigen variability, herd immunity, secondary response increase in survival rates because all these points are on the spec so you are not risking going outside the spec, and you are getting in more content.
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