OCR Chemistry A F322 Chains, Energy and Resources Wed 23 May 2012
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Original post by ofudge
From what I've found, this exam is very attention to detail.
Make sure you state where your double bond is... make sure you cover every point in the statement, and learn your definitions! Every year at least two have come up. The definitions that you need to know are:
Enthalpy Change of Reaction: The enthalpy change expressed in the molar quantities in a equation, with all reactants and products being in their standard states under standard conditions.
Enthalpy Change of Combustion: The enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mole of compound COMBUSTS (NOT BURNS) completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
The Enthalpy Change of Formation: The enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mole of compound is formed from its constituent elements under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
Radical- Species with an unpaired electron
Electrophile- Electron pair acceptor
Nucleophile- Electron Pair Donor
Average Bond Enthalpy- The enthalpy change required to break by homolytic fission 1 mole of a given gaseous species.
Activation Energy- The minimum amount of energy required for the bonds to break in a reaction and for them to collide and react together.
Le Chatelieur Principle: For a reaction in Dynamic Equillibrium, if a change is made to the conditions (Pressure, Concentration, Temperature), the equillibrium will act in such a way to minimise this change
Functional Group- An atom/group of atoms responsible for the chemical properties of the compound and its reactions
Homologous Series: Group of Organic Molecules with the same functional group and each successive member differing by CH2
Empirical Formula: The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.
Molecular Formula: The actual number of atoms of each element present in a compound
Displayed Formula: Shows the atoms in a compound and the bonds located between them.
Skeletal Formula- Shows the minimal detail of a compound, by removing any additional atoms leaving only the carbon skeleton and any associated functional groups
Any More i've missed be sure to add them up
good luck everyone 
Make sure you state where your double bond is... make sure you cover every point in the statement, and learn your definitions! Every year at least two have come up. The definitions that you need to know are:
Enthalpy Change of Reaction: The enthalpy change expressed in the molar quantities in a equation, with all reactants and products being in their standard states under standard conditions.
Enthalpy Change of Combustion: The enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mole of compound COMBUSTS (NOT BURNS) completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
The Enthalpy Change of Formation: The enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mole of compound is formed from its constituent elements under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
Radical- Species with an unpaired electron
Electrophile- Electron pair acceptor
Nucleophile- Electron Pair Donor
Average Bond Enthalpy- The enthalpy change required to break by homolytic fission 1 mole of a given gaseous species.
Activation Energy- The minimum amount of energy required for the bonds to break in a reaction and for them to collide and react together.
Le Chatelieur Principle: For a reaction in Dynamic Equillibrium, if a change is made to the conditions (Pressure, Concentration, Temperature), the equillibrium will act in such a way to minimise this change
Functional Group- An atom/group of atoms responsible for the chemical properties of the compound and its reactions
Homologous Series: Group of Organic Molecules with the same functional group and each successive member differing by CH2
Empirical Formula: The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.
Molecular Formula: The actual number of atoms of each element present in a compound
Displayed Formula: Shows the atoms in a compound and the bonds located between them.
Skeletal Formula- Shows the minimal detail of a compound, by removing any additional atoms leaving only the carbon skeleton and any associated functional groups
Any More i've missed be sure to add them up
good luck everyone You're a star!
This was posted from The Student Room's Android App on my GT-I9100
Guys I have a word file for each chapter with all the definitions for unit 2... Lemme know if ya want them! Also, hi
Original post by anuradha_d
Guys I have a word file for each chapter with all the definitions for unit 2... Lemme know if ya want them! Also, hi
Please could u send them to me
Original post by Dreamweaver
Halogenalkanes are very likely to come up. Bond polarity vs bond enthalpies, how to determine relative rates etc..
How would you anwer a question like that?
Is it jus the experiement needed which determines rate of perciptation and that c-halogen bond=the weakestbond enthalpy produces the fastest rate of perciptation.(obviously with more detail needed)....am i correct..what do you have to know about bond polarity??
Original post by anuradha_d
Guys I have a word file for
each chapter with all the definitions for unit 2... Lemme know if ya want them! Also, hi
each chapter with all the definitions for unit 2... Lemme know if ya want them! Also, hi
Yes please!!!
Original post by Fatima0065
How would you anwer a question like that?
Is it jus the experiement needed which determines rate of perciptation and that c-halogen bond=the weakestbond enthalpy produces the fastest rate of perciptation.(obviously with more detail needed)....am i correct..what do you have to know about bond polarity??
Is it jus the experiement needed which determines rate of perciptation and that c-halogen bond=the weakestbond enthalpy produces the fastest rate of perciptation.(obviously with more detail needed)....am i correct..what do you have to know about bond polarity??
The more polar halogenalkanes will attract more nucleophiles due to the greater charge difference. Therefore it would follow that rate of reaction would be quicker. However the stronger bond is more important than that.
Original post by anuradha_d
Guys I have a word file for each chapter with all the definitions for unit 2... Lemme know if ya want them! Also, hi
Yes please!
Also, hi
Original post by anuradha_d
Guys I have a word file for each chapter with all the definitions for unit 2... Lemme know if ya want them! Also, hi
yes please
Original post by phoebebuffay
yes please
Original post by fletchdd02
Yes please!
Also, hi
Also, hi
Original post by Patchey1000
Yes please!!!
Original post by revisiongeek2012
Please could u send them to me
Do forgive me for any silly mistakes, I was in a rush :P
Thought i may as well stick em up ere
CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 MODULE 2:
ALCOHOLS, HALOGENOALKANES AND ANALYIS
KEYWORDS
Volatility is the ease that a liquid turns into a gas. Volatility decreases as boiling point increases
Reflux is the continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry.
A primary alcohol is an alcohol in which the –OH group is attached to a carbon atom which is bonded to no alkyl groups or one alkyl group.
A secondary alcohol is an alcohol in which the –OH group is attached to a carbon which is bonded to two alkyl groups.
A tertiary alcohol is an alcohol in which the –OH group is attached to a carbon which is bonded to three alkyl groups.
Esterification is the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce and ester and water. When naming an ester, the alcohol provides the alkyl part of the name, and the carboxylic acid provides the alkanoate part.
Dehydration is an elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make it unsaturated.
Hydrolysis is a reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds.
Nucleophilic substitution is a type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Percentage yield = (actual amount, in mol, of product/theoretical amount, in mol, of product) x 100
A limiting reagent is the substance that runs out first in a chemical reaction.
Atom economy = (molecular mass of desired product/sum of molecular masses of all products) x 100
Molecular ion, M+, is the positive ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses an electron.
Fragmentation is the process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a positive fragment ion.
CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 MODULE 2:
ALCOHOLS, HALOGENOALKANES AND ANALYIS
KEYWORDS
Volatility is the ease that a liquid turns into a gas. Volatility decreases as boiling point increases
Reflux is the continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry.
A primary alcohol is an alcohol in which the –OH group is attached to a carbon atom which is bonded to no alkyl groups or one alkyl group.
A secondary alcohol is an alcohol in which the –OH group is attached to a carbon which is bonded to two alkyl groups.
A tertiary alcohol is an alcohol in which the –OH group is attached to a carbon which is bonded to three alkyl groups.
Esterification is the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce and ester and water. When naming an ester, the alcohol provides the alkyl part of the name, and the carboxylic acid provides the alkanoate part.
Dehydration is an elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make it unsaturated.
Hydrolysis is a reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds.
Nucleophilic substitution is a type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Percentage yield = (actual amount, in mol, of product/theoretical amount, in mol, of product) x 100
A limiting reagent is the substance that runs out first in a chemical reaction.
Atom economy = (molecular mass of desired product/sum of molecular masses of all products) x 100
Molecular ion, M+, is the positive ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses an electron.
Fragmentation is the process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a positive fragment ion.
CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 MODULE 3:
ENERGY
KEYWORDS
Enthalpy, H, is the heat content that is stored in a chemical system.
The Chemical System is the reactants and the products.
Exothermic refers to a reaction in which the enthalpy of the reactants is greater than that of the products, resulting in heat loss to the surroundings.
Endothermic refers to a reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat being taken in from the surroundings.
Activation Energy is the minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds.
Standard conditions are a pressure of 100 kPa (one atmosphere), a stated temperature, usually 298 K (25 C) and a concentration of 1.0 mol/dm3 (for reactions with aqueous solutions).
Standard state is the physical state of a substance under standard conditions.
The standard enthalpy change of reaction is the enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in a balanced chemical equation under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
The standard enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
The standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound is the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in standard states under standard conditions.
Specific heat capacity, c, is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 C.
Bond enthalpy is the enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission one mol of a given bond in the molecules of a gaseous species.
Average Bond Enthalpy is the average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given bond in the molecules of a gaseous species.
Hess’ Law states that, if a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route.
An enthalpy cycle is a diagram showing alternative routes between reactants and products which allows the indirect determination of an enthalpy change from other known enthalpy changes using Hess’ Law.
The rate of reaction is the change in concentration of a reactant or product in a given time.
A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up a reaction without being used itself.
Heterogeneous Catalysis is the catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst has a different physical state from the reactants.
Homogeneous catalysis is the catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst and reactants have the same state.
Boltzmann Distribution Curves show the distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature, often shown as a graph.
le Chatelier’s principal states that when a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a change, the position of equilibrium will
shift to minimise the change.
Dynamic Equilibrium is the equilibrium that exists in a closed system when the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction.
ENERGY
KEYWORDS
Enthalpy, H, is the heat content that is stored in a chemical system.
The Chemical System is the reactants and the products.
Exothermic refers to a reaction in which the enthalpy of the reactants is greater than that of the products, resulting in heat loss to the surroundings.
Endothermic refers to a reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat being taken in from the surroundings.
Activation Energy is the minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds.
Standard conditions are a pressure of 100 kPa (one atmosphere), a stated temperature, usually 298 K (25 C) and a concentration of 1.0 mol/dm3 (for reactions with aqueous solutions).
Standard state is the physical state of a substance under standard conditions.
The standard enthalpy change of reaction is the enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in a balanced chemical equation under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
The standard enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
The standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound is the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in standard states under standard conditions.
Specific heat capacity, c, is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 C.
Bond enthalpy is the enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission one mol of a given bond in the molecules of a gaseous species.
Average Bond Enthalpy is the average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given bond in the molecules of a gaseous species.
Hess’ Law states that, if a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route.
An enthalpy cycle is a diagram showing alternative routes between reactants and products which allows the indirect determination of an enthalpy change from other known enthalpy changes using Hess’ Law.
The rate of reaction is the change in concentration of a reactant or product in a given time.
A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up a reaction without being used itself.
Heterogeneous Catalysis is the catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst has a different physical state from the reactants.
Homogeneous catalysis is the catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst and reactants have the same state.
Boltzmann Distribution Curves show the distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature, often shown as a graph.
le Chatelier’s principal states that when a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a change, the position of equilibrium will
shift to minimise the change.
Dynamic Equilibrium is the equilibrium that exists in a closed system when the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction.
Original post by anuradha_d
Guys I have a word file for each chapter with all the definitions for unit 2... Lemme know if ya want them! Also, hi
Could you please send them to me as well? thanks
EDIT: nevermind haha, sorry, didnt scroll down
(edited 11 years ago)
CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 MODULE 1:
BASIC CONCEPTS AND HYDROCARBONS
KEYWORDS
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only.
A saturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with single carbon-carbon bonds only.
An unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds.
An aliphatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in branched or straight chains.
An alicyclic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with the carbon atoms joined in a ring structure.
A functional group is the part of the organic molecule that is responsible for its chemical reactions.
A homologous series is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.
Alkanes are the homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2
Nomenclature is the system of naming compounds.
A general formula is the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.
A displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms and the bonds between them.
A structural formula shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
A skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula, with the hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
Stereoisomers are compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement in space.
Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms.
E/Z isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space due to the restricted rotation of the C=C bond.
Cis-trans isomerism is a special type of E/Z isomerism where there is a non hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of a C=C double bond: the cis (Z isomer) has the H atoms on the same side; the trans (E isomer) have the H atoms on each carbon on different sides.
Homolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals. The two species are of the same type.
A radical is a species with an unpaired electron. A single dot is often written next to the species in order to represent the unpaired electron.
Heterolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation (+) and an anion (-). The two species are different.
A nucleophile is an atom, or a group of atoms, that is attracted to an electron deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
An electrophile is an atom, or group of atoms, that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where is accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
An addition reaction is a reaction in which the reacted is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule. So: 2 reactants 1 product
A substitution reaction is a reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with an atom or a group of atoms. So: 2 reactants 2 products.
An elimination reaction refers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule. So: 1 reactant 2 products.
Fractional distillation is the separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column.
Cracking refers to the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter chained alkanes and alkenes.
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process.
Radical substitution reaction is a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms.
Mechanism is a sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction.
Initiation is the first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by UV radiation.
Propagation is the two repeated steps in a radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction.
Termination is step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule.
A pi-bond is the reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of bonded atoms by sideways orbital of p orbitals.
A sigma bond is formed directly below between two carbon atoms by the overlapping of orbitals.
Electrophilic addition is a type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where is accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Carbocation is an organic compound in which the carbon atom has a positive charge.
A curly arrow symbol is used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond.
A polymer is a long molecular chain built up from monomer chains.
A monomer is a small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer.
Addition polymerisation is the process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time, to form a very long saturated molecular chain (the addition polymer).
An addition polymer is a very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers).
A repeat unit is a specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. Repeal units are included in brackets, outside of which is the symbol, n.
Biodegradable material is a material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms.
BASIC CONCEPTS AND HYDROCARBONS
KEYWORDS
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only.
A saturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with single carbon-carbon bonds only.
An unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds.
An aliphatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in branched or straight chains.
An alicyclic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with the carbon atoms joined in a ring structure.
A functional group is the part of the organic molecule that is responsible for its chemical reactions.
A homologous series is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.
Alkanes are the homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2
Nomenclature is the system of naming compounds.
A general formula is the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.
A displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms and the bonds between them.
A structural formula shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
A skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula, with the hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
Stereoisomers are compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement in space.
Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms.
E/Z isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space due to the restricted rotation of the C=C bond.
Cis-trans isomerism is a special type of E/Z isomerism where there is a non hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of a C=C double bond: the cis (Z isomer) has the H atoms on the same side; the trans (E isomer) have the H atoms on each carbon on different sides.
Homolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals. The two species are of the same type.
A radical is a species with an unpaired electron. A single dot is often written next to the species in order to represent the unpaired electron.
Heterolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation (+) and an anion (-). The two species are different.
A nucleophile is an atom, or a group of atoms, that is attracted to an electron deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
An electrophile is an atom, or group of atoms, that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where is accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
An addition reaction is a reaction in which the reacted is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule. So: 2 reactants 1 product
A substitution reaction is a reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with an atom or a group of atoms. So: 2 reactants 2 products.
An elimination reaction refers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule. So: 1 reactant 2 products.
Fractional distillation is the separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column.
Cracking refers to the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter chained alkanes and alkenes.
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process.
Radical substitution reaction is a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms.
Mechanism is a sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction.
Initiation is the first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by UV radiation.
Propagation is the two repeated steps in a radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction.
Termination is step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule.
A pi-bond is the reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of bonded atoms by sideways orbital of p orbitals.
A sigma bond is formed directly below between two carbon atoms by the overlapping of orbitals.
Electrophilic addition is a type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where is accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Carbocation is an organic compound in which the carbon atom has a positive charge.
A curly arrow symbol is used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond.
A polymer is a long molecular chain built up from monomer chains.
A monomer is a small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer.
Addition polymerisation is the process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time, to form a very long saturated molecular chain (the addition polymer).
An addition polymer is a very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers).
A repeat unit is a specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. Repeal units are included in brackets, outside of which is the symbol, n.
Biodegradable material is a material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms.
CHEMISTRY MODULE 2 UNIT 4
RESOURCES
KEYWORD BANK
The greenhouse effect is the process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases warms the lower atmosphere and the planet’s surface.
Global warming is the gradual increase of the globes average temperature.
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, extending up from the poles to about 7km, and above the equator to about 20km.
The stratosphere is the second layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, containing the Ozone Layer.
Ozone, O3, is a molecule consisting of 3 oxygen atoms.
Adsorption is the process that occurs when a gas, liquid or solute is held to the surface of a solid, or more rarely, a liquid.
The 12 Principles
• Prevention
• Atom Economy
• Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis
• Designing Safer Chemicals
• Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
• Design for energy sufficiency
• Use of renewable feedstock
• Reduce derivatives
• Catalysis
• Design for degradation
• Real-time analysis for pollution prevention
• Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention
RESOURCES
KEYWORD BANK
The greenhouse effect is the process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases warms the lower atmosphere and the planet’s surface.
Global warming is the gradual increase of the globes average temperature.
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, extending up from the poles to about 7km, and above the equator to about 20km.
The stratosphere is the second layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, containing the Ozone Layer.
Ozone, O3, is a molecule consisting of 3 oxygen atoms.
Adsorption is the process that occurs when a gas, liquid or solute is held to the surface of a solid, or more rarely, a liquid.
The 12 Principles
• Prevention
• Atom Economy
• Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis
• Designing Safer Chemicals
• Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
• Design for energy sufficiency
• Use of renewable feedstock
• Reduce derivatives
• Catalysis
• Design for degradation
• Real-time analysis for pollution prevention
• Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention
So I'm PRAYING for a massive mechanism and/or analysis question. Wbu?
anuradha_d thank you
Original post by phoebebuffay
anuradha_d thank you
You're welcome
P for Phoebe
H for Hoebe
O for Oebe
E for Ebe
B for Boebe
and
E for ello there mate
Original post by anuradha_d
Do forgive me for any silly mistakes, I was in a rush :P
thank you so much
Original post by revisiongeek2012
thank you so much
You are very welcome
Hows the revish going?
Does anyone know if we actually need to know the definitions of:
Alkyl group
general formula
structural formula
displayed formula
skeletal formula
Word for word like the other defibitions or are we simply expected to understand what they mean and it wont come up as a question to define them
Alkyl group
general formula
structural formula
displayed formula
skeletal formula
Word for word like the other defibitions or are we simply expected to understand what they mean and it wont come up as a question to define them
(edited 11 years ago)
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