When do you use V=IR and ratios between resistance when finding the pd of components?
It does not matter. Both V = IR and the potential divider formula are equivalent ways of finding voltage or p.d. (I believe you know that V = IR is used to derive the potential divider formula). If you are given a problem that has a set of resistors connected in series and does not require to find current, you are asked to find p.d. across a resistor. Then it should be obvious that we would use the potential divider formula to find the p.d. without finding the current. But it does not mean we cannot use V = IR to find the p.d..