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Caused huge economic strain
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Only 16% of the £8.4million cost of war was met. They did this through war bonds and printing money.
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printing money led to inflation, so the mark declined in value 75% from 1913 to 1918.
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The KRA (War Raw Materials Dept) had some success in supplying the German army but German agriculture was not mobilised effectively and that led to food shortages
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2 million soldiers killed, 6.3 injured
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Inflation and tight control of wages led to a 20%-30% drop in living standards
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Shortages caused by the war effort and the British German Port Blockade caused the 1917 Turnip Winters, where turnips were the only food available
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The fuel and food shortages caused misery, starvation and exacerbated the impact of the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918
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Initial unity: at the start of the war, Germany were politically unified because of the signing of the burgfriede (political truce between all parties - the Kaiser said to the Reichstag "i know no parties anymore, only Germans"
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However this did not last because the left believed the only type of justifiable war was a defensive one but the right wanted a war of expansion and conquest
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Growing Disunity:
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1917, SPD deputies break away to form anti-war and radical socialist uspd
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Mounting concern about war led to a Reichstag vote (peace resolution) which urged the government to try and negotiation a peace settlement - left and centre party win by 212 - 126
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War saw the formation of the communist Spartacist League who agitated for social revolution and an end to war
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Worker discontent went up in 1916 because under the Auxiliary Service Law 1916 they are no longer allowed to freely change jobs. This meant by 1918 there's widespread discontent and significant strikes like the one inBerlin that lasted 5 days and involved half a million workers
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By 1918, political polarisation is greater than had been before the war
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Silent Dictatorship
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During the war, the government becomes increasingly authoritarian and militaristic
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The Kaiser is sidelined by the military and by 1916 Super Comm. Gen. Hindenburg and Ludendorff are essentially in charge of the country - a "Silent Dictatorship
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Bethmann is isolated and forced out of office by the Generals and Georg Michaelis, followed by Georg von Hertling become Chancellors
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The two Georg's are just puppets for Hindenburg and Ludendorff
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Military government exacerbates the political and social tensions
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