[dreahxo]

has anyone got any good research links about the three water management schemes? (figure 11)

[davim]

My teacher said it's good to do extra research using the websites given on the last page of the pre-release. Has anyone actually used those websites?

[Charlesworth]

Conflicts in South-East Asia

Spoiler:

Show

China and India
Conflicts between India and China due China building on the Tsangpo River, which contributes to the Brahmahputra river. This project will cause a decline of water in the Tsangpo of 60%. This will impact on agriculture and fishing

India and Bangladesh
Conflicts due to the construction of the Farakka Barrage in India, only 10km away from the Bangladesh/Indian border. It is hoped to help revive the port of Calcutta. Bangladesh feel they do not get their fair share of water during the dry season, but get too much during the monsoon seasons, when India releases the excess water. 1/3 of the 142 million people in Bangladesh live on the basin, so they will be impacted. Agreements have tried to be made since development began 35 years ago, but all have failed.

Nepal and India
Dispute of 75km^2 of land. which is an area that is home to a spring and source of a river. Both countries believe they own that land and wish to develop a dam, which would be valuable to both countries.

Burma and China
Conflict over 875km^2 of land, and where the border actually lies. Could be to try and gain from the glaciers in Tibet. China started to build roads into Burma without their permission, showing China's lack of care for what Burma thinks.

India and Pakistan
Pakistan believes India had caused its droughts. Both signed the Indus Water Treaty to try and prevent any more droughts. However, Kashmiris believe that the treaty is unfair and they do not get their fair share. Both countries have increasing populations, causing a rise in demand of water, while supply is remaining the same, causing more conflicts. Both countries need to work together for a sustainable future.

Dams in South-East Asia

Spoiler:

Show

Tehri Dam, Ganges
Aims to help irrigate 600,000 hectares of land and a further 270,000 hectares of land. Also aims to provide HEP and help control water supplies and increase supplies of water to Delhi by 270 million gallons. There have been issues including moving 100,000 people, the loss of 5,200 ha of land and 40 towns including Tehri being submerged. It has reduced flow from 1,000 cubic m/s to 200 cubic m/s. There has been concern over the fact it is in a seismic area, where an earthquake of 8.5 or greater could hit. It would be able to withstand an earthquake of 7.5. If it were to burst, over half a million people could be killed. There is the issue that it has a life span of 61 years, due to trapped sediment, but the full benefits of the dam will only be felt in the next 50 years. Also, the electricity produced costs twice as much to make than from surrounding provinces, such as Kashmir.

Farakka Barrage
Impacts on Bangladesh includes causing agriculture and aquaculture to decline, and causes a quarter to the farm land to be useless. This will cost Bangladesh about half a billion dollars a year. There is increase in flooding, meaning money has to be spent on recovering from this. The quality of the water has declined due to the increase in salinity. Tributaries in Bangladesh have dried up, impact on transportation.

Benefits and Drawbacks of Dams on the Mekong
Benefits - Can help take people out of poverty my increasing living standards, can export energy to help reduce debts, not longer have to be reliant on other countries.

Drawbacks - Decrease fish productivity by 60%, and species by 10%. As 75% of households rely on fish for a living, this could have large impacts. It can block sediments and nutrients that is needed for fertile soil. Also 10s of thousands of people would have to be moved with little compensation due to land being flooded for the dam.

Urban Development

Spoiler:

Show

China
The increase in consumption due to population and industrial growth has made many rivers in China to dry up. The Yellow river now only flows for 185 days a year and 80% of rivers can no longer sustain marine life. 40% of China is classed as a desert, and they wish to increase water to these areas by 40 billion cubic meters, through projects such as damming the Tsangpo River. 90% of discharge into the river is untreated and put directly into rivers, due to lack of regulation. In one year there was 23.4 billion tonnes of waste dumped into China's rivers.

India
Demand exceeds supply by 300 million gallons each day. This is partly due to 40% of water being lost due to leaky and contaminate infrastructure. The lack of water can lead to violence, with there being 1000 water related incidents being reported in 2008, with the actual figure likely to be more due to not all incidents being reported. Also India has one of the highest levels of water borne diseases, showing how poor the water quality is in some areas. Also, large levels of industrial waste is pumped into rivers, which are also used by people and agriculture.

Organisations and Agreements

Spoiler:

Show

International Rivers
A non-profit organisation formed in 1975. Aims to monitor dams and try and limit the impacts. They are not allowed in China and are only allowed to monitor, so they cannot try and intervene. They help people get their deserved compensation if they are been relocated. They are currently against the development of the Xayaburi Dam in Thailand, which would negatively impact over 60 million people.

Practical Aid
A bottom-up organisation that focuses on micro-schemes. It helps give technology to small communities to help get water. Benefits from these scheme include helping provide 1000 litres of water to communities, helping farmers have 3 crops a year instead of 2 and people no longer have to choose between drinking or farming. This can help increase economic growth to the economy on a small scale.

Mekong River Commission
An agreement signed by Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia and aims to limit transboundary impacts by making assessments. Only 10% of HEP on the Mekong is developed, so the MRC want to try and change this without having huge impacts. China did not sign the agreement. Although they only contribute a small total of the Mekong in total, during the dry season the Mekong from China contributes nearly a quarter of water to the river. China plans to make 8 dams on the Mekong, and believe as the dam is China, they are not responsible for what happens further downstream.

Water Management Schemes

Spoiler:

Show

Intermediate Technology
Advantages - Cheap and effective, help increase efficiency, helps 1000s of families, little environmental impacts

Disadvantages - May impact downstream flow if taken straight from the spring, could be over exploited

Dams
Advantages - Helps control flow of water and reduce the chance of flooding, generates electricity, help irrigate more land

Disadvantages - Large impacts downstream, can block sediment, costs a lot to make, large environmental costs, land is flooded

International Agreements
Advantages - Helps bring short-term peace, reduces transboundary impacts, minimizes conflicts and ensures countries get their fair share of water.

Disadvantages - Only works if all players (especially the largest ones) sign them, they can easily be broken, can lead to tensions between countries if a country does not sign it.

General Information

Spoiler:

Show

The Tibetan plateau provides water for 2 billion people
37,000 glaciers in China alone
Ice cover has decreased by 6%
95% of glaciers are losing more ice than they are generating

Over the next 20-30 years:
Temperatures will increase by 0.79C
13.5% increase in precipitation
Glaciers are very sensitive to changes in climate.

That is all the notes and research I have about the pre-release. It includes information from those websites that are listed. I apologies if there are any typo or anything, just quote me if there is something that doesn't make any sense.

I hope that is of some use!

[dreahxo]

(Original post by Charlesworth)
Conflicts in South-East Asia

Spoiler:

Show

China and India
Conflicts between India and China due China building on the Tsangpo River, which contributes to the Brahmahputra river. This project will cause a decline of water in the Tsangpo of 60%. This will impact on agriculture and fishing

India and Bangladesh
Conflicts due to the construction of the Farakka Barrage in India, only 10km away from the Bangladesh/Indian border. It is hoped to help revive the port of Calcutta. Bangladesh feel they do not get their fair share of water during the dry season, but get too much during the monsoon seasons, when India releases the excess water. 1/3 of the 142 million people in Bangladesh live on the basin, so they will be impacted. Agreements have tried to be made since development began 35 years ago, but all have failed.

Nepal and India
Dispute of 75km^2 of land. which is an area that is home to a spring and source of a river. Both countries believe they own that land and wish to develop a dam, which would be valuable to both countries.

Burma and China
Conflict over 875km^2 of land, and where the border actually lies. Could be to try and gain from the glaciers in Tibet. China started to build roads into Burma without their permission, showing China's lack of care for what Burma thinks.

India and Pakistan
Pakistan believes India had caused its droughts. Both signed the Indus Water Treaty to try and prevent any more droughts. However, Kashmiris believe that the treaty is unfair and they do not get their fair share. Both countries have increasing populations, causing a rise in demand of water, while supply is remaining the same, causing more conflicts. Both countries need to work together for a sustainable future.

Dams in South-East Asia

Spoiler:

Show

Tehri Dam, Ganges
Aims to help irrigate 600,000 hectares of land and a further 270,000 hectares of land. Also aims to provide HEP and help control water supplies and increase supplies of water to Delhi by 270 million gallons. There have been issues including moving 100,000 people, the loss of 5,200 ha of land and 40 towns including Tehri being submerged. It has reduced flow from 1,000 cubic m/s to 200 cubic m/s. There has been concern over the fact it is in a seismic area, where an earthquake of 8.5 or greater could hit. It would be able to withstand an earthquake of 7.5. If it were to burst, over half a million people could be killed. There is the issue that it has a life span of 61 years, due to trapped sediment, but the full benefits of the dam will only be felt in the next 50 years. Also, the electricity produced costs twice as much to make than from surrounding provinces, such as Kashmir.

Farakka Barrage
Impacts on Bangladesh includes causing agriculture and aquaculture to decline, and causes a quarter to the farm land to be useless. This will cost Bangladesh about half a billion dollars a year. There is increase in flooding, meaning money has to be spent on recovering from this. The quality of the water has declined due to the increase in salinity. Tributaries in Bangladesh have dried up, impact on transportation.

Benefits and Drawbacks of Dams on the Mekong
Benefits - Can help take people out of poverty my increasing living standards, can export energy to help reduce debts, not longer have to be reliant on other countries.

Drawbacks - Decrease fish productivity by 60%, and species by 10%. As 75% of households rely on fish for a living, this could have large impacts. It can block sediments and nutrients that is needed for fertile soil. Also 10s of thousands of people would have to be moved with little compensation due to land being flooded for the dam.

Urban Development

Spoiler:

Show

China
The increase in consumption due to population and industrial growth has made many rivers in China to dry up. The Yellow river now only flows for 185 days a year and 80% of rivers can no longer sustain marine life. 40% of China is classed as a desert, and they wish to increase water to these areas by 40 billion cubic meters, through projects such as damming the Tsangpo River. 90% of discharge into the river is untreated and put directly into rivers, due to lack of regulation. In one year there was 23.4 billion tonnes of waste dumped into China's rivers.

India
Demand exceeds supply by 300 million gallons each day. This is partly due to 40% of water being lost due to leaky and contaminate infrastructure. The lack of water can lead to violence, with there being 1000 water related incidents being reported in 2008, with the actual figure likely to be more due to not all incidents being reported. Also India has one of the highest levels of water borne diseases, showing how poor the water quality is in some areas. Also, large levels of industrial waste is pumped into rivers, which are also used by people and agriculture.

Organisations and Agreements

Spoiler:

Show

International Rivers
A non-profit organisation formed in 1975. Aims to monitor dams and try and limit the impacts. They are not allowed in China and are only allowed to monitor, so they cannot try and intervene. They help people get their deserved compensation if they are been relocated. They are currently against the development of the Xayaburi Dam in Thailand, which would negatively impact over 60 million people.

Practical Aid
A bottom-up organisation that focuses on micro-schemes. It helps give technology to small communities to help get water. Benefits from these scheme include helping provide 1000 litres of water to communities, helping farmers have 3 crops a year instead of 2 and people no longer have to choose between drinking or farming. This can help increase economic growth to the economy on a small scale.

Mekong River Commission
An agreement signed by Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia and aims to limit transboundary impacts by making assessments. Only 10% of HEP on the Mekong is developed, so the MRC want to try and change this without having huge impacts. China did not sign the agreement. Although they only contribute a small total of the Mekong in total, during the dry season the Mekong from China contributes nearly a quarter of water to the river. China plans to make 8 dams on the Mekong, and believe as the dam is China, they are not responsible for what happens further downstream.

Water Management Schemes

Spoiler:

Show

Intermediate Technology
Advantages - Cheap and effective, help increase efficiency, helps 1000s of families, little environmental impacts

Disadvantages - May impact downstream flow if taken straight from the spring, could be over exploited

Dams
Advantages - Helps control flow of water and reduce the chance of flooding, generates electricity, help irrigate more land

Disadvantages - Large impacts downstream, can block sediment, costs a lot to make, large environmental costs, land is flooded

International Agreements
Advantages - Helps bring short-term peace, reduces transboundary impacts, minimizes conflicts and ensures countries get their fair share of water.

Disadvantages - Only works if all players (especially the largest ones) sign them, they can easily be broken, can lead to tensions between countries if a country does not sign it.

General Information

Spoiler:

Show

The Tibetan plateau provides water for 2 billion people
37,000 glaciers in China alone
Ice cover has decreased by 6%
95% of glaciers are losing more ice than they are generating

Over the next 20-30 years:
Temperatures will increase by 0.79C
13.5% increase in precipitation
Glaciers are very sensitive to changes in climate.

That is all the notes and research I have about the pre-release. It includes information from those websites that are listed. I apologies if there are any typo or anything, just quote me if there is something that doesn't make any sense.




I hope that is of some use!

oh my gosh, thank you sooo much!!
God bless you!

[iamkeeley]

(Original post by Charlesworth)
Conflicts in South-East Asia

Spoiler:

Show

China and India
Conflicts between India and China due China building on the Tsangpo River, which contributes to the Brahmahputra river. This project will cause a decline of water in the Tsangpo of 60%. This will impact on agriculture and fishing

India and Bangladesh
Conflicts due to the construction of the Farakka Barrage in India, only 10km away from the Bangladesh/Indian border. It is hoped to help revive the port of Calcutta. Bangladesh feel they do not get their fair share of water during the dry season, but get too much during the monsoon seasons, when India releases the excess water. 1/3 of the 142 million people in Bangladesh live on the basin, so they will be impacted. Agreements have tried to be made since development began 35 years ago, but all have failed.

Nepal and India
Dispute of 75km^2 of land. which is an area that is home to a spring and source of a river. Both countries believe they own that land and wish to develop a dam, which would be valuable to both countries.

Burma and China
Conflict over 875km^2 of land, and where the border actually lies. Could be to try and gain from the glaciers in Tibet. China started to build roads into Burma without their permission, showing China's lack of care for what Burma thinks.

India and Pakistan
Pakistan believes India had caused its droughts. Both signed the Indus Water Treaty to try and prevent any more droughts. However, Kashmiris believe that the treaty is unfair and they do not get their fair share. Both countries have increasing populations, causing a rise in demand of water, while supply is remaining the same, causing more conflicts. Both countries need to work together for a sustainable future.

Dams in South-East Asia

Spoiler:

Show

Tehri Dam, Ganges
Aims to help irrigate 600,000 hectares of land and a further 270,000 hectares of land. Also aims to provide HEP and help control water supplies and increase supplies of water to Delhi by 270 million gallons. There have been issues including moving 100,000 people, the loss of 5,200 ha of land and 40 towns including Tehri being submerged. It has reduced flow from 1,000 cubic m/s to 200 cubic m/s. There has been concern over the fact it is in a seismic area, where an earthquake of 8.5 or greater could hit. It would be able to withstand an earthquake of 7.5. If it were to burst, over half a million people could be killed. There is the issue that it has a life span of 61 years, due to trapped sediment, but the full benefits of the dam will only be felt in the next 50 years. Also, the electricity produced costs twice as much to make than from surrounding provinces, such as Kashmir.

Farakka Barrage
Impacts on Bangladesh includes causing agriculture and aquaculture to decline, and causes a quarter to the farm land to be useless. This will cost Bangladesh about half a billion dollars a year. There is increase in flooding, meaning money has to be spent on recovering from this. The quality of the water has declined due to the increase in salinity. Tributaries in Bangladesh have dried up, impact on transportation.

Benefits and Drawbacks of Dams on the Mekong
Benefits - Can help take people out of poverty my increasing living standards, can export energy to help reduce debts, not longer have to be reliant on other countries.

Drawbacks - Decrease fish productivity by 60%, and species by 10%. As 75% of households rely on fish for a living, this could have large impacts. It can block sediments and nutrients that is needed for fertile soil. Also 10s of thousands of people would have to be moved with little compensation due to land being flooded for the dam.

Urban Development

Spoiler:

Show

China
The increase in consumption due to population and industrial growth has made many rivers in China to dry up. The Yellow river now only flows for 185 days a year and 80% of rivers can no longer sustain marine life. 40% of China is classed as a desert, and they wish to increase water to these areas by 40 billion cubic meters, through projects such as damming the Tsangpo River. 90% of discharge into the river is untreated and put directly into rivers, due to lack of regulation. In one year there was 23.4 billion tonnes of waste dumped into China's rivers.

India
Demand exceeds supply by 300 million gallons each day. This is partly due to 40% of water being lost due to leaky and contaminate infrastructure. The lack of water can lead to violence, with there being 1000 water related incidents being reported in 2008, with the actual figure likely to be more due to not all incidents being reported. Also India has one of the highest levels of water borne diseases, showing how poor the water quality is in some areas. Also, large levels of industrial waste is pumped into rivers, which are also used by people and agriculture.

Organisations and Agreements

Spoiler:

Show

International Rivers
A non-profit organisation formed in 1975. Aims to monitor dams and try and limit the impacts. They are not allowed in China and are only allowed to monitor, so they cannot try and intervene. They help people get their deserved compensation if they are been relocated. They are currently against the development of the Xayaburi Dam in Thailand, which would negatively impact over 60 million people.

Practical Aid
A bottom-up organisation that focuses on micro-schemes. It helps give technology to small communities to help get water. Benefits from these scheme include helping provide 1000 litres of water to communities, helping farmers have 3 crops a year instead of 2 and people no longer have to choose between drinking or farming. This can help increase economic growth to the economy on a small scale.

Mekong River Commission
An agreement signed by Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia and aims to limit transboundary impacts by making assessments. Only 10% of HEP on the Mekong is developed, so the MRC want to try and change this without having huge impacts. China did not sign the agreement. Although they only contribute a small total of the Mekong in total, during the dry season the Mekong from China contributes nearly a quarter of water to the river. China plans to make 8 dams on the Mekong, and believe as the dam is China, they are not responsible for what happens further downstream.

Water Management Schemes

Spoiler:

Show

Intermediate Technology
Advantages - Cheap and effective, help increase efficiency, helps 1000s of families, little environmental impacts

Disadvantages - May impact downstream flow if taken straight from the spring, could be over exploited

Dams
Advantages - Helps control flow of water and reduce the chance of flooding, generates electricity, help irrigate more land

Disadvantages - Large impacts downstream, can block sediment, costs a lot to make, large environmental costs, land is flooded

International Agreements
Advantages - Helps bring short-term peace, reduces transboundary impacts, minimizes conflicts and ensures countries get their fair share of water.

Disadvantages - Only works if all players (especially the largest ones) sign them, they can easily be broken, can lead to tensions between countries if a country does not sign it.

General Information

Spoiler:

Show

The Tibetan plateau provides water for 2 billion people
37,000 glaciers in China alone
Ice cover has decreased by 6%
95% of glaciers are losing more ice than they are generating

Over the next 20-30 years:
Temperatures will increase by 0.79C
13.5% increase in precipitation
Glaciers are very sensitive to changes in climate.

That is all the notes and research I have about the pre-release. It includes information from those websites that are listed. I apologies if there are any typo or anything, just quote me if there is something that doesn't make any sense.

I hope that is of some use!

Thanks! I was really struggling with what to write about future mangement schemes.

Good luck on Wednesday everyone!

[Naom1]

gosh I'm so not feeling confident for this exam!!!!!

for people doing energy security and tech fix what have you got as your KEY case studies???

[UKDaza]

Hi, I was wondering what sort of question would you talk about transboundary disputes of water?

[Jordan_]

(Original post by Naom1)
gosh I'm so not feeling confident for this exam!!!!!

for people doing energy security and tech fix what have you got as your KEY case studies???

Hey
don't feel too bad, i don't think anyone feels that confident for geography, there is just ridiculous amounts to remember, especially if you're revising all 6 topics in the beginning like me, although i am focusing on energy, superpowers and probably development as they link nicely together.

For energy i'd say your case studies want to focus on the global supply and demand for energy, The one about Russia supplying most of Europe is actually quite interesting, the power of how it can cut off the gas to any country it likes through the giant pipelines! (as it did to the Ukraine in i can't remember what year) (This case study is also good for superpowers, see how they link?)
It's also interesting Russia has decided to build a brand new pipeline straight to Germany, which by-passes the other poorer eastern european countries. This is thought to be because Germany at the moment, has the strongest economy in europe. Russia is cleverly increasing its international relations buy supplying them, but cleverly will cut out countries like Estonia, and Latvia who offer no benefit to Russia. (Other than having some sort of legacy through the break down of the soviet union) You could also look at the demand for oil, what happened in the Iran-iraq war, 1980-1988, and stuff like the oil crisis, peak oil, etc. Corruption also occurs in LEDC's that can't control who takes the oil or are in constant conflict over it. Countries like this include Nigeria who have a natural abundant supply of oil but have corroded pipes and a corrupt government in charge of distribution. You often have conflict between indigenous tribes who claim leaked oil in the river is theres, and they should be recieving profit from the state. Interestingly, the mangrove swamps absorb this oil and re-secrete it every year, killing themselves (ecocide) not really relevant, just interesting. Other corrupt oil rich countries include the smaller eastern european and eurasian countries like Azerbaijan, terrible for their corruption, but Baku the capital city looks like a lovely place. Anyway, The 10 marker though rarely asks for case studies, you can drop in a few for a few extra marks, it mainly wants you to focus on explaining the reasoning behind the figure it gives you, unless it states "Using specific examples" Which the 15 mark usually focuses on

I personally think a question about the future of energy may come up for the 15 marker, that's the one where you have to give a lot of specific examples. For this you could examine how it's becoming increasingly dangerous to transport Oil and Gas (explosive and targeted by terrorists) So countries are turning to LNG (liquified natural gas) which is safer and can be transferred over much longer distances, as far as Australia to Poland! This means that the energy players lose a bit of power which they won't be happy about !
Future energy security will decline in a business as usual approach, and we will tend to turn to coal more as reserves run dry, and cause major environmental degradation - Look at what's happening in Canada with the extraction of Oil Shale and Oil sands. The next future is to have a rich energy mix, so not being so reliant on one type of import from one country. England in particular is looking a wind power, a new farm is being built off the south east cost, (There is also a really big one in denmark or something too?) They are good, but unsightly to some people, make loud noises and are a danger to birds. It's also thought they interfere with the Ministry Of Defences satellite signals, which isn't good! Biodiversity of fish species actually increases around them though, as no bird prey or fishermen go near them! Energy can also come from nuclear energy, This is thought to be 'clean' as no net emissions are actually produced in the process (uranium through nuclear fission produces steam that turns turbines for energy) however, CO2 is obviously produced in the extraction of it. France is currently the country that uses the most nuclear power. It's dangers thought are obvious, the incidental radiation poisoning and birth defects from Chernobyl and more recently, the 2011 Fukushima power plant in Japan means it lacks public trust. Coal is also thought to provide up to 55% of energy in the future as it is more of abundant supply. There are obviously costs and benefits for other types of energy as well Hydroelectric power, Solar energy, Wave Energy, you know blah blah blah. The third type of energy is energy conservation which is obviously, if we use less, there's less CO2 less demand for energy, everyone is happy! (but with countries like China, this is not going to be achieved.)

Anyway i hope some of these case studies help you, Most all of them can be found in the big green A2 Book they're highlighted in there, just look at them and try to remember numbers and percentages for some - That's my downfall!

Also, try writing out a comment like this, I was pleasently surprised with how much i remembered! i last looked at energy on friday.

I personally think the technological fix is a very wishy-washy unit the case studies are poo and it's hard to define things and pick up marks, you may want to focus on superpowers or development that have clear, easy to remember case studies and theories you can apply to (They make you look 10x better!)

Hope this helps you get revising and good luck everyone!!!

[erobinson15]

does anyone know how much time we're supposed to spend on each section?

[josephhhh]

I think it's 80 minutes on Section A and 70 Minutes on Section B.

[erobinson15]

(Original post by josephhhh)
I think it's 80 minutes on Section A and 70 Minutes on Section B.

Thank you

[Charlesworth]

Does anyone have any tips on how to evaluate/assess in the questions?

[saltypopcorn]

(Original post by Charlesworth)
Does anyone have any tips on how to evaluate/assess in the questions?

Not too sure of this myself but I think it's basically weighing up the advantages/disadvantages and ranking them in order of importance through your points; so do the benefits outweigh the costs and vice versa.. Or something like that

[suzanneyoung]

Is anyone considering doing technological fix ? So far I've looked at case studies for floor defences like Dhaka , gm crops etc but does anyone else have anymore ? x

[ChrisJ]

(Original post by UKDaza)
Hi, I was wondering what sort of question would you talk about transboundary disputes of water?

Any question about threats to future supplies, potential future conflicts (eg. downstream impacts of dams India/Bangladesh), if it asks to asses the 3 management schemes bring transboundary disputes of water in when you assess the dams.

[Naom1]

(Original post by Jordan_)
Hey
don't feel too bad, i don't think anyone feels that confident for geography, there is just ridiculous amounts to remember, especially if you're revising all 6 topics in the beginning like me, although i am focusing on energy, superpowers and probably development as they link nicely together.

For energy i'd say your case studies want to focus on the global supply and demand for energy, The one about Russia supplying most of Europe is actually quite interesting, the power of how it can cut off the gas to any country it likes through the giant pipelines! (as it did to the Ukraine in i can't remember what year) (This case study is also good for superpowers, see how they link?)
It's also interesting Russia has decided to build a brand new pipeline straight to Germany, which by-passes the other poorer eastern european countries. This is thought to be because Germany at the moment, has the strongest economy in europe. Russia is cleverly increasing its international relations buy supplying them, but cleverly will cut out countries like Estonia, and Latvia who offer no benefit to Russia. (Other than having some sort of legacy through the break down of the soviet union) You could also look at the demand for oil, what happened in the Iran-iraq war, 1980-1988, and stuff like the oil crisis, peak oil, etc. Corruption also occurs in LEDC's that can't control who takes the oil or are in constant conflict over it. Countries like this include Nigeria who have a natural abundant supply of oil but have corroded pipes and a corrupt government in charge of distribution. You often have conflict between indigenous tribes who claim leaked oil in the river is theres, and they should be recieving profit from the state. Interestingly, the mangrove swamps absorb this oil and re-secrete it every year, killing themselves (ecocide) not really relevant, just interesting. Other corrupt oil rich countries include the smaller eastern european and eurasian countries like Azerbaijan, terrible for their corruption, but Baku the capital city looks like a lovely place. Anyway, The 10 marker though rarely asks for case studies, you can drop in a few for a few extra marks, it mainly wants you to focus on explaining the reasoning behind the figure it gives you, unless it states "Using specific examples" Which the 15 mark usually focuses on

I personally think a question about the future of energy may come up for the 15 marker, that's the one where you have to give a lot of specific examples. For this you could examine how it's becoming increasingly dangerous to transport Oil and Gas (explosive and targeted by terrorists) So countries are turning to LNG (liquified natural gas) which is safer and can be transferred over much longer distances, as far as Australia to Poland! This means that the energy players lose a bit of power which they won't be happy about !
Future energy security will decline in a business as usual approach, and we will tend to turn to coal more as reserves run dry, and cause major environmental degradation - Look at what's happening in Canada with the extraction of Oil Shale and Oil sands. The next future is to have a rich energy mix, so not being so reliant on one type of import from one country. England in particular is looking a wind power, a new farm is being built off the south east cost, (There is also a really big one in denmark or something too?) They are good, but unsightly to some people, make loud noises and are a danger to birds. It's also thought they interfere with the Ministry Of Defences satellite signals, which isn't good! Biodiversity of fish species actually increases around them though, as no bird prey or fishermen go near them! Energy can also come from nuclear energy, This is thought to be 'clean' as no net emissions are actually produced in the process (uranium through nuclear fission produces steam that turns turbines for energy) however, CO2 is obviously produced in the extraction of it. France is currently the country that uses the most nuclear power. It's dangers thought are obvious, the incidental radiation poisoning and birth defects from Chernobyl and more recently, the 2011 Fukushima power plant in Japan means it lacks public trust. Coal is also thought to provide up to 55% of energy in the future as it is more of abundant supply. There are obviously costs and benefits for other types of energy as well Hydroelectric power, Solar energy, Wave Energy, you know blah blah blah. The third type of energy is energy conservation which is obviously, if we use less, there's less CO2 less demand for energy, everyone is happy! (but with countries like China, this is not going to be achieved.)

Anyway i hope some of these case studies help you, Most all of them can be found in the big green A2 Book they're highlighted in there, just look at them and try to remember numbers and percentages for some - That's my downfall!

Also, try writing out a comment like this, I was pleasently surprised with how much i remembered! i last looked at energy on friday.

I personally think the technological fix is a very wishy-washy unit the case studies are poo and it's hard to define things and pick up marks, you may want to focus on superpowers or development that have clear, easy to remember case studies and theories you can apply to (They make you look 10x better!)

Hope this helps you get revising and good luck everyone!!!

Thank you so much hun! Good luck to you too

[Charlesworth]

(Original post by saltypopcorn)
Not too sure of this myself but I think it's basically weighing up the advantages/disadvantages and ranking them in order of importance through your points; so do the benefits outweigh the costs and vice versa.. Or something like that

ah okay, that makes sense thanks!

[Ps3SuperSRG]

In terms of case studies,i ain't gona bother too much on,i mean remember a few examples,e.g gazprom for energy,but im not learning specific figures. For stuff like development gap you can literally name drop any African nation. Im gona focus on concepts and ideas where i can just link examples into

[jemwallis]

(Original post by suzanneyoung)
Is anyone considering doing technological fix ? So far I've looked at case studies for floor defences like Dhaka , gm crops etc but does anyone else have anymore ? x

i have looked at technological fix and there is case stuides for all the types of geoengineering, micro-generation for a sustainable future, ddt and cfcs for externalities, moblie phones for leapfrogging and you can use any thing for the life cycles such as how listening to music change.

i hope this helps

[nibbles30]

For the pre release which management scheme does everyone think is the best option?

Intermediate technology
International Agreements
Large dams

I was thinking maybe the agreement but really dont know which would be best.