a is proportional to displacement by definition of SHM
so a = kx (k is actually -omega2)
rewritten as v/t = -omega2 * x
rewritten as v = -omega2 * x * t
For v to be proportional to x, -omega2 * t would have to be a constant. Clearly this is not the case because t varies.
It cannot be proportional to displacement.
Btw that equation in your original post can only be applied where the amplitude = x, - before then you must use v = -A * 2pi * f * sin (2pi * f * t)