Lol, Johan, you've done a lot of reading there
I would like to further your point on philosophy. The person who is defending philosophy is using an argument that can easily be applied to any subject, which is a waste of time. This argument needs to be split in to three sections: (i)Quant skills (ii)Analytical skills (iii)Interpersonal skills and I shall briefly expand on the two sectors necessary for banking.
(i)Quantitative skills are necessary for jobs in trading, sales, IB although to a different extent in all of them. They are not picked up in an arts degree, such as philosophy, and are not developed. As many people will notice, quant skill need constant development and practice. They require a totally different mindset - one that is more analytical and full of rigour. It is a mindsets that is creative through looking at the most efficient way to set out a problem and then solve it. Philosophical logic can not achieve that - it is much more a method of proving something you want through anything. It is not rigorous to the extent mathematics is.
(ii)Analytical skills are developed equally well by quant degrees as by art degrees although once again in a different form. This is why there are such things as mathematical analysis, abstract mathematics and the like. Quants are taught to reason as I mentioned above - they look for the most efficient solutions, and most efficient ways of setting out a problem. Philosophical skills try to set out a problem in such a way that it can be solved to obtain a particular result - however this can be equally well achieved by a quant.
(iii)People claim that Arts degrees develop a persons social ability better. I fail to see how. You read more, but a quant degree can be complemented by reading, whereas a degree in the arts is much more difficult to complement with mathematics. Social skills, in addition are something that is developed by a persons social surrounding and the persons nurture - not so much on his degree. Arts students will be able to say things such as the fact that they know the literature better, they are thus able to argue better - however how often are such skills really necessary - not often. An mathematician can construct an equally logical argument and and equally good relationship.
Furthermore, what has been mentioned is that a person who does an arts degree will be able to pick up the maths skills in two months. The other person will not be wasting those two months - he will be training and gaining experience - they are already at a loss. The likelyhood of getting to the same level in two month is very low in any circumstance, since the person who's just learnt the skills will have much less practice - there will still be ample room for improvement, there will be things that the person has just not seen over those two months. The quant will have a much broader experience.
Anyway, this is not an argument, these are some thoughts which perhaps may help to see some part of the valid foundation of the stronger base which quants will have over artists.