Pale Fire, again by Nabokov, was one of his last novels; it is, I think, the peak of his ability as a wordsmith. As you say, it has that same "playful" style that we see in Lolita, yet it is more coherent, tapering around fewer ideas (at least on the surface).
One of the authors inspired by Nabokov was Thomas Pynchon. He doesn't have Nabokov's strict and erudite control over language, but he does have a poetic grasp of modern (that is, 40s-70s) America and his 'play' (he's more engaged with pop culture and Americana). Gravity's Rainbowand V are both brilliant, albeit chaotic. I've got his Against the Day sitting on my shelf at the moment, demanding my time.
In translation, Andrei Bely still has a poetic/playful use of language (for example, Petersburg). Finally, Umberto Eco springs to mind (The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana, Baudolino, and Focault's Pendulum).