Well it was significant at it was the catalyst for Hitler to write Mein Kampf (which in itself would prove influential as his party got more popular in the late 1920's /early 1930's), not to mention the first major piece of publicity he and the Nazi Party got. It also revealed sympathies in the German judiciary as he got a very lenient sentence (5 years, of which he served 9 months) for a crime that had a maximum penalty of death (if I remember from GCSE correctly).
However, his views were still fairly fringe in the early 20's, and only started to truly gain traction when the Great Depression kicked in (which Germany, which survived pretty much fully off American loans, felt the full force of). Arguably, it only had more long term effects when he began to gain popularity after 1929, rather than immediately after the Putsch.