It's a chamber used for detecting charged particles. The chamber is filled with a superheated liquid, mostly hydrogen. As the particle moves through the chamber, the liquid vaporises around the ions, forming bubbles. The chamber can the be expanded by a piston to increase the size of the bubbles, and a photograph taken. There is a magneti field accross the chamber, causing circular paths, where the radius is proportional to the momentum of the particle, and differently charged particles spiral in different directions.
Hope that helps