I created an account just because I thought the previous answers perhaps didn't quite explain in full detail.
There are two reasons why light from the table is entering your eye.
The first (drawing A), is that no surface in the real world is truly flat. The surface is microscopically rough. The classical physics model with angles of incidence and reflection still applies. However, the "flat" surface is actually uneven, meaning their surface normals point in many directions. This effect is called diffuse reflection.
As some answers have previously described, light from the bulb can bounce off other surfaces in the room, eventually arriving on the table and reflecting into your eye (drawing B). However, the majority of the light entering your eye is through diffuse reflection. Light bouncing off other surfaces "adopts" the colour of the surfaces they are reflecting off of. For instance, if you shone a torch at a bright red wall, objects near the wall would receive a red hue.
Although light bounces off in all directions via the diffuse effect, light also bounces off as per your original drawing. When a surface is particularly glossy (metal, for instance), you will get a direct reflection of the light source (drawing C). This is the white sheen you see on glossy objects - it is called specular reflection.
In answer to your original question, the reason you can see the table is due to diffuse reflection. Secondary reflections also help, but not as much as diffuse reflections. Hope this helps.