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Velocity is rate of change of displacement with time, and acceleration is rate of change of velocity with time.
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radioactivity - which has an exponential decay with time
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the charge on a capacitor as it charges up or discharges - also exponential
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Newton's Law of Cooling - exponential rate of loss of heat from a hot body
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Power - rate of transfer of energy with time
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Rate of change of momentum being equivalent to resultant force.
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Electric field strength is equal to (negative) potential gradient
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Simple harmonic motion where the restoring force (and consequently the acceleration) varies with displacement from the equilibrium position.