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Original post by Future_Dr
Thank you! :smile:


are you up a bit of revision bud?
Original post by otrivine
Want to revise :smile:


yeah. go on, you first. :smile:
Original post by Future_Dr
yeah. go on, you first. :smile:


yaya:smile: excited :biggrin: thank you!


Describe the structure of the liver (4 marks)
Original post by otrivine
yaya:smile: excited :biggrin: thank you!


Describe the structure of the liver (4 marks)


Sorry, went to have dinner.

The liver contains hepatocytes, sinusoids, hepatic vein duct. and hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein and pancreatic duct meet at the vein.

To be honest, I still have this topic to go. This is the only one which I am not confident with. as much. :redface:
Original post by Future_Dr
Sorry, went to have dinner.

The liver contains hepatocytes, sinusoids, hepatic vein duct. and hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein and pancreatic duct meet at the vein.

To be honest, I still have this topic to go. This is the only one which I am not confident with. as much. :redface:


Okay, let me ask you another question, you used the correct key words though!



Describe where and how ATP is made in Glycolysis (4)
Original post by otrivine
Okay, let me ask you another question, you used the correct key words though!



Describe where and how ATP is made in Glycolysis (4)


ATP is made in the cyctoplasm of the cell in the stage of glycolysis. It is made during substrate level phosphoryaltion of ADP. This follows a series of stages in which glucose is phosphoryalated to glucose -6- phosphate. Then it changes into an isomer of fructose-6-phsophate. Then phosphorylatipn occus again to make hexose-1,6-bisphosphate. In these phosphorylation, ATP -> ADP and Pi. Two molecules of Triose Phosphate are made. This is then oxidised and 2NADH2 is made to make an intermediate product, which is then converted to two molecules of pyruvate by SLP.
Original post by Future_Dr
ATP is made in the cyctoplasm of the cell in the stage of glycolysis. It is made during substrate level phosphoryaltion of ADP. This follows a series of stages in which glucose is phosphoryalated to glucose -6- phosphate. Then it changes into an isomer of fructose-6-phsophate. Then phosphorylatipn occus again to make hexose-1,6-bisphosphate. In these phosphorylation, ATP -> ADP and Pi. Two molecules of Triose Phosphate are made. This is then oxidised and 2NADH2 is made to make an intermediate product, which is then converted to two molecules of pyruvate by SLP.


Very good 4/4

My turn
Original post by otrivine
Very good 4/4

My turn


Suggest why the ATP yeild may be lower than expected in respiration per mole of glucose.
Original post by Future_Dr
Suggest why the ATP yeild may be lower than expected in respiration per mole of glucose.


1) because some ATP is used to actively transport the pyruvate molecule in cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria.


2) ATP leakage as the protons diffuse into the (inner mitochondrial membrane )

3) some ATP is used as a shuttle for hydrogen atoms from the reduced NAD made in glycolysis to be transported into mitochondrial membrane
Original post by otrivine
1) because some ATP is used to actively transport the pyruvate molecule in cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria.


2) ATP leakage as the protons diffuse into the (inner mitochondrial membrane )

3) some ATP is used as a shuttle for hydrogen atoms from the reduced NAD made in glycolysis to be transported into mitochondrial membrane


yup well done.
Original post by Future_Dr
yup well done.


State how many ATP is made during oxidative phosphorylation and suggest where this process takes place (2)
Original post by otrivine
State how many ATP is made during oxidative phosphorylation and suggest where this process takes place (2)


24-26 and it takes place in the cristae.

Can I have some questions on NS, Homeostasis, Kidney please?:biggrin:
Original post by Future_Dr
24-26 and it takes place in the cristae.

Can I have some questions on NS, Homeostasis, Kidney please?:biggrin:


Heres some..

1.

Outline the structure of the repeating unit found in the Kidneys.

2.

Describe the processes through which substances such as glucose are saved from excretion.

3.

Explain how the glomerulus is fit for purpose.

4.

How does the presence of ADH affect the Kidneys? Be specific in what happens when ADH is present.

5.

Name the parts of the nephron which are permeable to water.

6.

Describe and explain what's meant by the "counter-current multiplier effect".

Original post by Future_Dr
Just to clear some ambiguity in the OCR Textbook on pg95 figure. 3 Why is a "...dehydrogenase" used when a CO2 is released? Should it not be a decarboxylase? If you look at the subsection, Alcohol Fermentation, looking at bullet point 2, it says that the reaction is catalysed by a decarboxylase. :s-smilie: Why do things have to be awkward?



Original post by Sherlockedd
That's wrong, it's meant to be decarboxylase I asked my teacher about it. The text part is right, the diagram is wrong :smile:


that's weird my book already says decarboxylase :s
Original post by TaraBelle
that's weird my book already says decarboxylase :s


really? :confused:

Wow, either it's a conspiracy to make sure some students miss out in marks so they have a broad grade boundary or they made a mistake and amended it in an earlier edition which you have.

Have you looked in the diagram though? :smile:
Original post by Future_Dr
24-26 and it takes place in the cristae.

Can I have some questions on NS, Homeostasis, Kidney please?:biggrin:


Sure!

Actually its 34 ATP made?
Original post by Future_Dr
really? :confused:

Wow, either it's a conspiracy to make sure some students miss out in marks so they have a broad grade boundary or they made a mistake and amended it in an earlier edition which you have.

Have you looked in the diagram though? :smile:


haha much more likely to be the latter :P yep both diagram and the text say decarboxylase!
Original post by HarryMWilliams
Heres some..

1.

Outline the structure of the repeating unit found in the Kidneys.

2.

Describe the processes through which substances such as glucose are saved from excretion.

3.

Explain how the glomerulus is fit for purpose.

4.

How does the presence of ADH affect the Kidneys? Be specific in what happens when ADH is present.

5.

Name the parts of the nephron which are permeable to water.

6.

Describe and explain what's meant by the "counter-current multiplier effect".



Nice,
Outline the structure of the repeating unit found in the Kidneys.
The repeating units found in the kidney are known as nephrons. These consists of different sections and have different functions. Majority of the nephron is found in the cortex of the kidney, while some are found in the medulla as well. They are microscopic tubules which include the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, which extends to the medulla, distal convoluted tublue and collecting duct.

Describe the processes through which substances such as glucose are saved from excretion.
Glucose is present in the glomerular filterate through ultrafilteration, however 85% of the useful substance are reabsorbed in the PCT inc. glucose. Glucose is reabsorbed in the PCT which contains specialised cells in the lining. In these cells, the Na+/K+ ion pumps, pump 3 Na+ out to the tissue fluid for every 2K+ in the cell. This creates an electrochemical gradient of Na+. It results in the facilitated diffusion of Na+ from the tubule fluid into the cell via co-transporter proteins, from high conc. of glucose to lower conc. in the cell. This is associated with useful substances like glucose and amino acids. then the build up of glucose and other substances creat a high conc in the cell so they are diffused into the tissue fluid and then the blood capillaries. This may also be supplemented by active transport of them. This is a process of selective reabsorption and can include similar process to reabsorb small proteins that may appear taken in my endocytosis.

Explain how the glomerulus is fit for purpose.
This is a network of capillaries. The glomerulus contain may small capillaires carrying blood in high pressure. This network allows them to withstand this pressure in the renal. The glomerulus is found in the Bowmann's capsule thereby any fluid in ultrafilteration is filtered in the renal so be carried in the nephron. The glomerulus contains endothelial cells that has gaps between them so allows the fluid to be flow through in ultrafilteration. These are heldtogether by basement membrance; a network of collagen fibres and glycoproteins which allow filertaion of small substances in the fluid and prevent larger milecules like proteins with Mr>69000 to stay in the blood and blood cells. this allows only substances like Urea to escape which needs to be exceted.ummm.... the glomerulus creates a LSA which increases the blood flow to increase filteration of fluid.

How does the presence of ADH affect the Kidneys? Be specific in what happens when ADH is present.
The purpose of ADH in the kideny is to increase the permeablility of the collecting duct so that the reabsorption of water is increased. Thereby increased conc of ADH will increase the permeability and allow more water to be reabsotbed making the urine more concentrated and in less quantity. When ADH is present, it binds to the specific complementry shaped receptors on the specialied cells. this allows an enzyme controlled reaction to proceed and allow the release of vesicles with aquaporins to fuse with the cell surface membrane and increase the number of aquaporins which are channels that let water through, so increase its premerability. Howevrer, presence of ADH will keep the water potentil levels in the blood at a normal value, the concentrration of ADH can change in negative feedback processes for homeostasis.

Name the parts of the nephron which are permeable to water.
PCT, descending limb of loop of henle and the base of ascending loop of henle, collecting duct.

Describe and explain what's meant by the "counter-current multiplier effect".
This is a mechanism by which the ions exhange between the tubules if made efficient. It is when a tubule turns back on itself like in a 'hairpin', so that the fluid flows pass each other in the oppisite direstion. This allows salt ions in one tubule to be released so that it's available for the other part of the tubule to obtain due to the build up of high concentration. This is examplified in the loop of henle in which the ascending limb creates a high ionic concentration in the medulla tissue fluid.

There were no marks allocated so I gave as much detail. :smile: Thanks, that was a good practise.
Original post by TaraBelle
haha much more likely to be the latter :P yep both diagram and the text say decarboxylase!


Oh, atleast I kept my eye open, :wink: Thanks!
Original post by Future_Dr
Oh, atleast I kept my eye open, :wink: Thanks!


my question :biggrin:

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