I'm dyslexic and dyspraxic, I got 25% extra time plus 15mins to read the paper (no writing during that time) and was given the option to use a computer but never did. For essays I got a proof reader. For exams I got a note on my paper saying I can't loose marks for spelling or grammar. The educational psychologist also suggested if I get a lower than predicted mark I should be given a verbal test but my uni never approved it. If I didn't get these things I'm entirely sure I wouldn't have gotten a degree.
It has nothing to do with intelligence and it's not about ability either. It's about the way they access ability not being appropriate for the way my brain works. Exams and essays about demonstrating your knowledge/understanding. They way they are done and how they are marked might not be perfect but they are designed to give people an effective way of doing that demonstration. For people with certain disabilities it's just not at all an effective way for them to demonstrate knowledge/understanding so adjustments are made. The adjustments aren't perfect either but they make it more reasonable.
Different people experience disabilities differently, but for me it's thing like:
My thoughts are non-linear, you can get away with that more when speaking but when writing a factual essay not so much. It's like a film where the timeline jumps about, that's how the structure of essays come to me and it makes total sense to me. But I need to put it into regular time line so that takes me more time than someone who doesn't.
I can't process written letters into the meaning it conveys as quickly or accurately as a non-dyslexic person. Misreading one word in a question could totally change your understanding of it and result in answering wrongly. For most people that'd be a silly mistake but for me it's pretty much expected to happen regularly. So if I have 15mins to read the questions and nothing else to focus on, no option to be tempted to just get on with it, then I can read them several times to ensure I know what each word is.
When I read my own writing back I don't see the mistakes. Part of my adaptation to be able to read at the expected level well is my brain fills in blanks of what should be there by guessing to make it make sense when what the immediate processing of the text doesn't make sense. It's not something I'm aware of doing, it just happens, it's a subconscious part of how I read. But then when In read my own work it's like my brain has auto-corrected so I'm practically unable to see the mistakes in my spelling and grammar. It's not even that I don't know what is right or wrong, I do, but even that took me longer to learn than most because of the not seeing . So if a proof reader reads my essay then they can see these things and tell me what's wrong with it.
I can't see how there's anything unfair about me having those.
I also don't think you should go around saying certain people don't deserve the adjustment because you don't know what's going on in their head. I wasn't diagnosed until I got to uni, I got good grades in everything up until Higher English which is when my disadvantages weren't just over came by being intelligent enough to do the work anyway. But those grades weren't the best grades I could have got or the grades I really deserved no matter how good they were. It's not about people being able to do well, it's about giving people a fair opportunity to achieve their potential. Yet if I were diagnosed early then it would have been easy for people to see me as getting unfair advantage because I never came across as obviously someone with learning disabilities- all of my teachers never referred me for assessment.
The people who decide who gets what adjustments know what they are doing- assuming no school/exam board is daft enough to let someone unqualified decide- and disabilities aren't essay to fake because they are more complex than some list of indicators. Sure human error happens in everything but just because you don't see why it's justified doesn't mean it isn't.