Good Morning
In the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle), is ATP used as an energy source in all the stages (Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration),
In other words:
The energy released when ATP undergoes hydrolysis (ATP → ADP + Pi) is used to drive the reaction that fixes CO2 onto RuBP (Fixation).
The energy released when more ATP undergoes hydrolysis is used to drive the reaction that sees 3-PGA forming G3P (Reduction).
The energy released when even more ATP undergoes hydrolysis is used to convert 3-GPA back to RuBP (Regeneration).
Reason I ask is that some diagrams show the hydrolysis of ATP only occurring during the stages of Reduction and Regeneration, but not fixation. Other show hydrolysis of ATP occurring during Fixation and the Regeneration stage but not during the Reduction stage.
Text sources are equally contradictory or elusive.
Would appreciate any help you can give
John
Just for clarification, the oxidation of NADPH (NADPH ---> NAD+) occurs only in the Reduction stage.