OFFICIAL OCR A2 Biology - F214 Thread
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1) Oxygenated blood is delivered to the liver via the hepatic artery from the heart.
dioxygenated blood from the digestive system is carried via the hepatic portal vein.
blood leaves the liver via the hepatic vein.
2) the liver is made up of liver lobules. The hepatocytes are arranged in cylindindrical structure and a central vein in the middle radiating out.
As the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein enter the liver they split into smaller and smaller arterioles. Branches of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
mix and passes along sinusoids. The central veins of all the different lobules join to form the hepatic vein.
3) sinusoids
4) Breakdown of old red blood cells.
5) control of: blood glucose levels, amino acids level, lipids levels
synthesis of: red blood cells, bile, plasma proteins, cholesterol
Storage of: glycogen, vitamin A, D and iron.
6) The purpose of deamination is to break down excess amino acids. It is important because amino acids contain a lot of energy so it's wasteful to remove it from the body.
7) Keto acid
8) the ornithine cycle is process in which ammonia is converted to urea. The ammonia is highly toxic and soluble, so it's important to convert it to less soluble and less toxic compound which is urea.
9) In the outer region is called the cortex; and the inner region is called the medulla. In the centre is pelvis which forms ureter.
10) The nephron consist of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
11) the composition of fluid in the nephron changes in the proximal convoluted tubule by ultrafiltration and selective re-absorption
12) to create high pressure in the glomerulus in order to push the substances of blood plasma into the lumen of bowman's capsule.
13)
14)
15) the overall effect of the countercurrent multiplier is to increase efficiency of salt transfer from the ascending limb to the descending limb.
16)
dioxygenated blood from the digestive system is carried via the hepatic portal vein.
blood leaves the liver via the hepatic vein.
2) the liver is made up of liver lobules. The hepatocytes are arranged in cylindindrical structure and a central vein in the middle radiating out.
As the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein enter the liver they split into smaller and smaller arterioles. Branches of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
mix and passes along sinusoids. The central veins of all the different lobules join to form the hepatic vein.
3) sinusoids
4) Breakdown of old red blood cells.
5) control of: blood glucose levels, amino acids level, lipids levels
synthesis of: red blood cells, bile, plasma proteins, cholesterol
Storage of: glycogen, vitamin A, D and iron.
6) The purpose of deamination is to break down excess amino acids. It is important because amino acids contain a lot of energy so it's wasteful to remove it from the body.
7) Keto acid
8) the ornithine cycle is process in which ammonia is converted to urea. The ammonia is highly toxic and soluble, so it's important to convert it to less soluble and less toxic compound which is urea.
9) In the outer region is called the cortex; and the inner region is called the medulla. In the centre is pelvis which forms ureter.
10) The nephron consist of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
11) the composition of fluid in the nephron changes in the proximal convoluted tubule by ultrafiltration and selective re-absorption
12) to create high pressure in the glomerulus in order to push the substances of blood plasma into the lumen of bowman's capsule.
13)
14)
15) the overall effect of the countercurrent multiplier is to increase efficiency of salt transfer from the ascending limb to the descending limb.
16)
I'm dissapointed that people didn't answer the questions apart from chunkey who is really up and pumped.
well done chunkey! the next round of questions is coming on module 3+4 at 11am
well done chunkey! the next round of questions is coming on module 3+4 at 11am
student92
a question im finding quite tricky: Q: For the proper functioning of neurone circuits, neurotransmitters have to be removed from the receptors in the postsynaptic membrane and from the synaptic cleft. Explain why this is so. Help?
Hey
To prevent continuous depolarisation
To allow it to be recycled and more neurotransmitter made
I have a question- Why do blood gluocose levels need to be controled?
ViolinGirl
I have a question- Why do blood gluocose levels need to be controled?
it raises the blood pressure, which may damage the basement membrane in the glomerulus.
ViolinGirl
I have a question- Why do blood gluocose levels need to be controled?
Wouldn't it increase blood pressure because more water leaves tissues increasing volume. Hypertension could lead to stroke...CHD?
1) Outline the blood flow to and from the liver. (5mark)
HEPATIC ARTERY - bringing oxengenated blood from the heart and lungs to ensure the hepacytes can respire
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN - bringing blood from the iluem and the duodenum, this ensures that glucose, amino acids and toxins such as alcohol do not travel far around the body.
HEPATIC VEIN - takes blood away from the liver
2) Briefly describe the arrangement of the hepatocytes in the liver.
The liver is made up of lobules, containing hepatocytes they are positioned around branches of the hepatic portal vein, the hepatic artery, central vein and the bile duct. This is to ensure a good blood flow past all the hepatocytes.
3) Along which special chamber does the branches of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein mix?
?
4) what is function of kupffer cells?
The function of kupffer cells is to break down and recycle old red blood cells.
5) List the functions of the liver.
Forms Urea from amino acids using the ornathine cycle and deanimation.
Breaks down toxins such as alcohol, paracetamol.
6) What is the purpose of deamination of Amino acids in the liver and why is it important.
The purpose of deanimation is to remove nitrogenous containing amino groups from the amino acids as we (mammals) can't store nitrogen. This is called deanimation.
7)What is the name of the organic compound that enters the krebs cycle?
Acetyl Coenzyme A
8) summarise the ornithine cycle.
Ammonia enters the ornathine cycle where CO2 is added to form urea. It occurs partly in the cytosol and partly in the mitochondria of cells.
9) Summarise the structure of the kidneys.
The kidneys consist of the cortex (Inner part) and the medulla (outer part). They are supplied with oxygenated blood by the renal artery and the renal vein take the blood away. They have millions of nephrons spanning the cortex and the medulla.
10) What does the nephron consist of?
A Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tuble, distal convoluted tubule and a collecting duct.
11) How does the composition of the fluid in nephron change?
Urea, glucose, amino acids and salts such as Na, Cl and K are found in the fluid. 85% of this is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule. This is done by sodium ions actively being transported out of the cells of the PCT wall and into the tissue fluid.. Glucose, amino acids, water and Na end the cells from the fluid by facilitated diffusion. They then diffuse across the cell and into the tissue fluid. Leaving only urea and some water in the nephron.
I wasn't sure how much detail was needed here!
12) why is the afferent arteriole larger in diameter than efferent arteriole?
This is to put the blood entering the glomerus under increased pressure. This increased pressure is larger than the pressure in the Bowman's capsule and so this tends to push the fluid out from the blood into the Bowman's capsule.
13) Describe and Explain unltrafiltration
Question above?
Where the afferent arteriole is wider in diameter to the efferent arteriole causing and increased pressure so the fluid is pushed out of the blood and into the Bownman's capsule. The Fluid has to pass through 3 layers. The endothelium of the capillary wall, the basment membrane and the epithelial cells of the bowmans capsule
14) Describe and explain selective reabsorption
sodium ions are acitvely transported out of the cells in the PCT wall and into the tissue fluid. At the other end of the cell there are many microvilli increasing the surface area, here glucose, amino acids and some water in association with sodium, move from the nephron and into the cells in the wall of the PCT this is done by facilitated diffusion. The glucose and amino acids then diffuse into the blood capillary.
15) What is the overall effect of the countercurrent multiplier?
To lower the water potential of the medulla by removing Na+ and Cl- ions out of the nephron and into the medulla so water can be reabsorbed. The lower the water potential of the medulla, the more water that can be reabsorbed
16) How is the overall effect in the loop of henle?
see question above
17) what is role of the kidney in osmoregulation?
Once low water potential of the blood has beeen detected, (by osmoreceptors cells shrinking), this stimulates the neurosecretory cells to release ADH. The target cells of the ADH is the collecting duct wall of the nephrons in the kidney. The ADH is detected by cell surface receptors, which leads to enzyme controlled reactions and so vesicles containing aquaporins fuse to the membrane and so more water can be reabsorbed.
18) Briefly outline the advantages and the disadvantages of kidney transplant.
Advantages:
Best life-extending treatment.
No longer need to go through lengthly dialysis sessions
Improves quality of life.
Disadvantages:
The kidney may be rejected.
Immunosuppresants are given to decrease the risk of the body's immune system treating the kidney as a foreign object. The immunosuppresants leave the patient more at risk of infection.
HEPATIC ARTERY - bringing oxengenated blood from the heart and lungs to ensure the hepacytes can respire
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN - bringing blood from the iluem and the duodenum, this ensures that glucose, amino acids and toxins such as alcohol do not travel far around the body.
HEPATIC VEIN - takes blood away from the liver
2) Briefly describe the arrangement of the hepatocytes in the liver.
The liver is made up of lobules, containing hepatocytes they are positioned around branches of the hepatic portal vein, the hepatic artery, central vein and the bile duct. This is to ensure a good blood flow past all the hepatocytes.
3) Along which special chamber does the branches of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein mix?
?
4) what is function of kupffer cells?
The function of kupffer cells is to break down and recycle old red blood cells.
5) List the functions of the liver.
Forms Urea from amino acids using the ornathine cycle and deanimation.
Breaks down toxins such as alcohol, paracetamol.
6) What is the purpose of deamination of Amino acids in the liver and why is it important.
The purpose of deanimation is to remove nitrogenous containing amino groups from the amino acids as we (mammals) can't store nitrogen. This is called deanimation.
7)What is the name of the organic compound that enters the krebs cycle?
Acetyl Coenzyme A
8) summarise the ornithine cycle.
Ammonia enters the ornathine cycle where CO2 is added to form urea. It occurs partly in the cytosol and partly in the mitochondria of cells.
9) Summarise the structure of the kidneys.
The kidneys consist of the cortex (Inner part) and the medulla (outer part). They are supplied with oxygenated blood by the renal artery and the renal vein take the blood away. They have millions of nephrons spanning the cortex and the medulla.
10) What does the nephron consist of?
A Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tuble, distal convoluted tubule and a collecting duct.
11) How does the composition of the fluid in nephron change?
Urea, glucose, amino acids and salts such as Na, Cl and K are found in the fluid. 85% of this is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule. This is done by sodium ions actively being transported out of the cells of the PCT wall and into the tissue fluid.. Glucose, amino acids, water and Na end the cells from the fluid by facilitated diffusion. They then diffuse across the cell and into the tissue fluid. Leaving only urea and some water in the nephron.
I wasn't sure how much detail was needed here!
12) why is the afferent arteriole larger in diameter than efferent arteriole?
This is to put the blood entering the glomerus under increased pressure. This increased pressure is larger than the pressure in the Bowman's capsule and so this tends to push the fluid out from the blood into the Bowman's capsule.
13) Describe and Explain unltrafiltration
Question above?
Where the afferent arteriole is wider in diameter to the efferent arteriole causing and increased pressure so the fluid is pushed out of the blood and into the Bownman's capsule. The Fluid has to pass through 3 layers. The endothelium of the capillary wall, the basment membrane and the epithelial cells of the bowmans capsule
14) Describe and explain selective reabsorption
sodium ions are acitvely transported out of the cells in the PCT wall and into the tissue fluid. At the other end of the cell there are many microvilli increasing the surface area, here glucose, amino acids and some water in association with sodium, move from the nephron and into the cells in the wall of the PCT this is done by facilitated diffusion. The glucose and amino acids then diffuse into the blood capillary.
15) What is the overall effect of the countercurrent multiplier?
To lower the water potential of the medulla by removing Na+ and Cl- ions out of the nephron and into the medulla so water can be reabsorbed. The lower the water potential of the medulla, the more water that can be reabsorbed
16) How is the overall effect in the loop of henle?
see question above
17) what is role of the kidney in osmoregulation?
Once low water potential of the blood has beeen detected, (by osmoreceptors cells shrinking), this stimulates the neurosecretory cells to release ADH. The target cells of the ADH is the collecting duct wall of the nephrons in the kidney. The ADH is detected by cell surface receptors, which leads to enzyme controlled reactions and so vesicles containing aquaporins fuse to the membrane and so more water can be reabsorbed.
18) Briefly outline the advantages and the disadvantages of kidney transplant.
Advantages:
Best life-extending treatment.
No longer need to go through lengthly dialysis sessions
Improves quality of life.
Disadvantages:
The kidney may be rejected.
Immunosuppresants are given to decrease the risk of the body's immune system treating the kidney as a foreign object. The immunosuppresants leave the patient more at risk of infection.
Tinkerbelle ♥
1) Outline the blood flow to and from the liver. (5mark)
HEPATIC ARTERY - bringing oxengenated blood from the heart and lungs to ensure the hepacytes can respire
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN - bringing blood from the iluem and the duodenum, this ensures that glucose, amino acids and toxins such as alcohol do not travel far around the body.
HEPATIC VEIN - takes blood away from the liver
2) Briefly describe the arrangement of the hepatocytes in the liver.
The liver is made up of lobules, containing hepatocytes they are positioned around branches of the hepatic portal vein, the hepatic artery, central vein and the bile duct. This is to ensure a good blood flow past all the hepatocytes.
3) Along which special chamber does the branches of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein mix?
?
4) what is function of kupffer cells?
The function of kupffer cells is to break down and recycle old red blood cells.
5) List the functions of the liver.
Forms Urea from amino acids using the ornathine cycle and deanimation.
Breaks down toxins such as alcohol, paracetamol.
6) What is the purpose of deamination of Amino acids in the liver and why is it important.
The purpose of deanimation is to remove nitrogenous containing amino groups from the amino acids as we (mammals) can't store nitrogen. This is called deanimation.
7)What is the name of the organic compound that enters the krebs cycle?
Acetyl Coenzyme A
8) summarise the ornithine cycle.
Ammonia enters the ornathine cycle where CO2 is added to form urea. It occurs partly in the cytosol and partly in the mitochondria of cells.
9) Summarise the structure of the kidneys.
The kidneys consist of the cortex (Inner part) and the medulla (outer part). They are supplied with oxygenated blood by the renal artery and the renal vein take the blood away. They have millions of nephrons spanning the cortex and the medulla.
10) What does the nephron consist of?
A Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tuble, distal convoluted tubule and a collecting duct.
11) How does the composition of the fluid in nephron change?
Urea, glucose, amino acids and salts such as Na, Cl and K are found in the fluid. 85% of this is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule. This is done by sodium ions actively being transported out of the cells of the PCT wall and into the tissue fluid.. Glucose, amino acids, water and Na end the cells from the fluid by facilitated diffusion. They then diffuse across the cell and into the tissue fluid. Leaving only urea and some water in the nephron.
I wasn't sure how much detail was needed here!
12) why is the afferent arteriole larger in diameter than efferent arteriole?
This is to put the blood entering the glomerus under increased pressure. This increased pressure is larger than the pressure in the Bowman's capsule and so this tends to push the fluid out from the blood into the Bowman's capsule.
13) Describe and Explain unltrafiltration
Question above?
Where the afferent arteriole is wider in diameter to the efferent arteriole causing and increased pressure so the fluid is pushed out of the blood and into the Bownman's capsule. The Fluid has to pass through 3 layers. The endothelium of the capillary wall, the basment membrane and the epithelial cells of the bowmans capsule
14) Describe and explain selective reabsorption
sodium ions are acitvely transported out of the cells in the PCT wall and into the tissue fluid. At the other end of the cell there are many microvilli increasing the surface area, here glucose, amino acids and some water in association with sodium, move from the nephron and into the cells in the wall of the PCT this is done by facilitated diffusion. The glucose and amino acids then diffuse into the blood capillary.
15) What is the overall effect of the countercurrent multiplier?
To lower the water potential of the medulla by removing Na+ and Cl- ions out of the nephron and into the medulla so water can be reabsorbed. The lower the water potential of the medulla, the more water that can be reabsorbed
16) How is the overall effect in the loop of henle?
see question above
17) what is role of the kidney in osmoregulation?
Once low water potential of the blood has beeen detected, (by osmoreceptors cells shrinking), this stimulates the neurosecretory cells to release ADH. The target cells of the ADH is the collecting duct wall of the nephrons in the kidney. The ADH is detected by cell surface receptors, which leads to enzyme controlled reactions and so vesicles containing aquaporins fuse to the membrane and so more water can be reabsorbed.
18) Briefly outline the advantages and the disadvantages of kidney transplant.
Advantages:
Best life-extending treatment.
No longer need to go through lengthly dialysis sessions
Improves quality of life.
Disadvantages:
The kidney may be rejected.
Immunosuppresants are given to decrease the risk of the body's immune system treating the kidney as a foreign object. The immunosuppresants leave the patient more at risk of infection.
HEPATIC ARTERY - bringing oxengenated blood from the heart and lungs to ensure the hepacytes can respire
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN - bringing blood from the iluem and the duodenum, this ensures that glucose, amino acids and toxins such as alcohol do not travel far around the body.
HEPATIC VEIN - takes blood away from the liver
2) Briefly describe the arrangement of the hepatocytes in the liver.
The liver is made up of lobules, containing hepatocytes they are positioned around branches of the hepatic portal vein, the hepatic artery, central vein and the bile duct. This is to ensure a good blood flow past all the hepatocytes.
3) Along which special chamber does the branches of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein mix?
?
4) what is function of kupffer cells?
The function of kupffer cells is to break down and recycle old red blood cells.
5) List the functions of the liver.
Forms Urea from amino acids using the ornathine cycle and deanimation.
Breaks down toxins such as alcohol, paracetamol.
6) What is the purpose of deamination of Amino acids in the liver and why is it important.
The purpose of deanimation is to remove nitrogenous containing amino groups from the amino acids as we (mammals) can't store nitrogen. This is called deanimation.
7)What is the name of the organic compound that enters the krebs cycle?
Acetyl Coenzyme A
8) summarise the ornithine cycle.
Ammonia enters the ornathine cycle where CO2 is added to form urea. It occurs partly in the cytosol and partly in the mitochondria of cells.
9) Summarise the structure of the kidneys.
The kidneys consist of the cortex (Inner part) and the medulla (outer part). They are supplied with oxygenated blood by the renal artery and the renal vein take the blood away. They have millions of nephrons spanning the cortex and the medulla.
10) What does the nephron consist of?
A Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tuble, distal convoluted tubule and a collecting duct.
11) How does the composition of the fluid in nephron change?
Urea, glucose, amino acids and salts such as Na, Cl and K are found in the fluid. 85% of this is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule. This is done by sodium ions actively being transported out of the cells of the PCT wall and into the tissue fluid.. Glucose, amino acids, water and Na end the cells from the fluid by facilitated diffusion. They then diffuse across the cell and into the tissue fluid. Leaving only urea and some water in the nephron.
I wasn't sure how much detail was needed here!
12) why is the afferent arteriole larger in diameter than efferent arteriole?
This is to put the blood entering the glomerus under increased pressure. This increased pressure is larger than the pressure in the Bowman's capsule and so this tends to push the fluid out from the blood into the Bowman's capsule.
13) Describe and Explain unltrafiltration
Question above?
Where the afferent arteriole is wider in diameter to the efferent arteriole causing and increased pressure so the fluid is pushed out of the blood and into the Bownman's capsule. The Fluid has to pass through 3 layers. The endothelium of the capillary wall, the basment membrane and the epithelial cells of the bowmans capsule
14) Describe and explain selective reabsorption
sodium ions are acitvely transported out of the cells in the PCT wall and into the tissue fluid. At the other end of the cell there are many microvilli increasing the surface area, here glucose, amino acids and some water in association with sodium, move from the nephron and into the cells in the wall of the PCT this is done by facilitated diffusion. The glucose and amino acids then diffuse into the blood capillary.
15) What is the overall effect of the countercurrent multiplier?
To lower the water potential of the medulla by removing Na+ and Cl- ions out of the nephron and into the medulla so water can be reabsorbed. The lower the water potential of the medulla, the more water that can be reabsorbed
16) How is the overall effect in the loop of henle?
see question above
17) what is role of the kidney in osmoregulation?
Once low water potential of the blood has beeen detected, (by osmoreceptors cells shrinking), this stimulates the neurosecretory cells to release ADH. The target cells of the ADH is the collecting duct wall of the nephrons in the kidney. The ADH is detected by cell surface receptors, which leads to enzyme controlled reactions and so vesicles containing aquaporins fuse to the membrane and so more water can be reabsorbed.
18) Briefly outline the advantages and the disadvantages of kidney transplant.
Advantages:
Best life-extending treatment.
No longer need to go through lengthly dialysis sessions
Improves quality of life.
Disadvantages:
The kidney may be rejected.
Immunosuppresants are given to decrease the risk of the body's immune system treating the kidney as a foreign object. The immunosuppresants leave the patient more at risk of infection.
i've changed that question now check the new question. Most of your answers are spot on! i think you're reallly pumped aswell and ready
question 3) the special chamber are called sinusoids
question 7) it is keto acid not acetyl coenzyme A.
Grrr i just wokeup
Remarqable M
I dont know how to answer the questions
so I need to look over my notes.C ya at 11:00
hey all, how is it going??>
ibysaiyan
hey all, how is it going??>
hey1 goodmorning
you missed alot how come you didn't wake up earlier?Remarqable M
i've changed that question now check the new question. Most of your answers are spot on! i think you're reallly pumped aswell and ready
question 3) the special chamber are called sinusoids
question 7) it is keto acid not acetyl coenzyme A.
question 3) the special chamber are called sinusoids
question 7) it is keto acid not acetyl coenzyme A.
Ohh I thought the different sinusoids had special names I didn;t know about or something! Happy I managed to answer the majority right though
in 5min i will post questions on photosynthesis and respiration!
so have your notes on hand but please try to answer the questions without your notes and
see what you don't remember.
so have your notes on hand
but please try to answer the questions without your notes and see what you don't remember.
Remarqable M
hey1 goodmorning you missed alot how come you didn't wake up earlier?
you missed alot how come you didn't wake up earlier?=( the damn alarm /oh well
Can someone check this?
Water is diffused out into the capillaries in the descending loop of Henle and Na+ is pump in from the medulla tissue.
This creates very low water potential
At the bottom of it, the Na+ begins to be pumped out by Active transport so it leaves a high potential of water at the ascending limb?
Water is diffused out into the capillaries in the descending loop of Henle and Na+ is pump in from the medulla tissue.
This creates very low water potential
At the bottom of it, the Na+ begins to be pumped out by Active transport so it leaves a high potential of water at the ascending limb?
How is a palisade mesophyll cell of a leaf adapted for photosynthesis?
student92
How is a palisade mesophyll cell of a leaf adapted for photosynthesis?
more chlorophyll molecules and more air spaces
Your usename sounds like you're a prisoner like in the movie royale battle lol
Chunkeymonkey62
Can someone check this?
Water is diffused out into the capillaries in the descending loop of Henle and Na+ is pump in from the medulla tissue.
This creates very low water potential
At the bottom of it, the Na+ begins to be pumped out by Active transport so it leaves a high potential of water at the ascending limb?
Water is diffused out into the capillaries in the descending loop of Henle and Na+ is pump in from the medulla tissue.
This creates very low water potential
At the bottom of it, the Na+ begins to be pumped out by Active transport so it leaves a high potential of water at the ascending limb?
its ok
Chunkeymonkey62
Can someone check this?
Water is diffused out into the capillaries in the descending loop of Henle and Na+ is pump in from the medulla tissue.
This creates very low water potential
At the bottom of it, the Na+ begins to be pumped out by Active transport so it leaves a high potential of water at the ascending limb?
Water is diffused out into the capillaries in the descending loop of Henle and Na+ is pump in from the medulla tissue.
This creates very low water potential
At the bottom of it, the Na+ begins to be pumped out by Active transport so it leaves a high potential of water at the ascending limb?
Nope, Descending tube is permeable to water, so incoming liquid has most of its water leave by osmosis into the tissue fluid, asceding tube is impermeable to water and has na/cl pumps pumping ions outside constantly.
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