Help on Russia Essay questionsHow significant was the role of war in the development of modern Russia in the years 1856 to 1964?
The way OCR want you to answer these question to achieve any respectable mark is thematically. The standard three themes that I use for these questions are Economy Society and Politically. Look at the main wars of the period and split the change they brought to Russia.
Crimean war
Social change = emancipation of the Serfs
Political = shows the weakness of the Russia army
1905 revolution (Russo-Japanese war 1904-5)
Social change = October manifesto
Political change = Duma, first time political parties were legal in Russia (stopped in 1921), shows the weakness of the Russia army
First World War
Social change = The land the peasants worked on became their own
Political = massive change, moved from one diametrically opposed ideology to another, but the actual change in the day-to-day running of the country minimal? Also soured the relationship with the West
--- Pre-Cold War tensions?(good link)
economic = 1/5 of the pre-war industrial output, but the soviets which were brought in, brought a change in approach from agriculture to industry -- allowed the industrialisation of Russia in the 1930's, never of happened under Tsarism
Civil War
Social = The requisition squads destroyed the agriculture / mass hunger
Political = The agricultural sector resented Communism as it took all their produce seemed unjust to them attempted to hide it and were killed
Economical = Russia refused to pay the US / UK for the goods given in the war hard to get imports, the economy of the USSR was in turmoil because it couldn't produce itself
World War Two
Social = destroyed most of Eastern European part of Russia, 27million died
Political = great victory for the USSR, the first time Russia 'Won' a war for a century
Economic = shifted the heavy industry of Russia from west to more central and east
Cold War
Economic = made the USSR focus on showing its industrial skill, space race
Political = frosty reception with the West made it more self-reliant
Draw all these together into 3 different paragraphs and then say which war was the most important in each, and hopefully you'll have the same war twice or more, then this would be the most significant.
My general argument would be along the lines of war was the integral factor in Russian development; the First World War was the most significant of these as it brought not just a physical change, but a change in attitudes. It facilitated the quickest industrialisation of a country to date, bringing it from a mediocre menace to arguably the strongest and most influential country in the world. Furthermore the change in approach and attitude improved agriculture by the 1950's Russia was rivalling the US for grain produced per capita. Socially it also was key in changing the focus from agriculture to industry.
To what extent did the Russian economy improve between 1894 and 1914?
Here’s some facts
Industrialisation improved the economy
Industrial output and mining ( 1900 is 100% the numbers are difficult to convert)
1880 - 28.2% of the 1900 figure
1890 - 50.7% of the 1900 figure
1895 - 70.4% of the 1900 figure
1904 - 109.5% of the 1900 figure
1910 - 141.4% of the 1900 figure
(From 1888 - 1913 the figures show a 5% per year growth in industrial output - GREATER than the USA or Germany in the same period)
(In 1900 Russia was the biggest producer of oil in the world)
The great spurt from the 1890's onwards helped the Russian heavy economy develop rapidly. However you've got to bear in mind that the smaller cottage industries were not helped by industrialisation. This is an interesting and useful figure, in 1915 67% (5.2 million) workers involved in industry were employed in cottage industries producing 33% of the output. This meant that 2/3's of the people were producing 1/3 of the good.
Railways
(Relative to population and area)
USA - (1860) 19 (1910) 122
Germany - (1860) 21 (1910) 75
UK - (1860) 44 (1910) 69
Russia (european part) (1860) 1 (1910) 24
Industrialisation goes where the railway leads. Interesting how by 1910 that it's increased 24 fold in Russia.
Overseas trade was curbed by import taxes imposed in 1891 by Count Witte to help the Russian economy use Russian goods. This mean't that the Russian economy kept a lot of it's production within the country creating jobs. Furthermore it allowed the production rate to increase which in turn allowed for cheaper exports.
Agriculture
Raw cotton ( kilograms per head )
USA - (1860) 5.8 (1910) 12.7
Germany - (1860) 1.4 (1910) 6.8
UK - (1860) 15.1 (1910) 19.8
Russia (european part) (1860) 0.5 (1910) 3.0
Seems to suggest Russian agriculture increased 6-fold whereas USA doubled, Germany 4-fold and UK hardly changed.
Could do a counter argument with this saying that although this did improve, the full force of Count Witte's changes were not felt because of the First World War. Furthermore you can say all the improvements were out-shadowed in scale with Stalin's Five Year Plans.
Assess the view that the failures of the Provisional Govt were the main factors in enabling Lenin and the Bolsheviks to seize power
The first thing to do with a question like this is tackle the named factor. The Bolshevik slogan 'Peace, Land and Bread' showed where the weakness in the Prov. Govt. lied. The provisional Govt. continued the war which pushed the strained country to breaking point with a futile war. The food shortages continued under the Prov. Gov. and the spark in the frying pan of revolution was at a bread protest. Finally the peasants still felt aggrieved with the land situation as it resembled greatly the Tsarist regime, the Bolsheviks exploited this by saying that the land which the peasants had would become solely theirs if they took power. Finally I would conclude this with the fact that the Prov. Gov. was just that; provisional. It was not a fixture in Russian politics, it was a stop-gap until the Russian people chose what to replace it permanently.
Could also mention that they relaxed the strict political laws of Russia allowing free speech i.e radical new political styles (Bolshevism) to be openly considered as realistic styles of govt. Furthermore you can say that the Prov. Gov. allowed political exiles to return to Russia and this is how Lenin was allowed to come back with his April Thesis (with the help of the Germans and a sealed train).
To what extent did Soviet military power shape the development of the Cold
War in Europe between 1945 and 1949?
Military - Korean invasion by Russia / Containment adopted by Truman to stop communist spreading. Showed that Soviet military might was a serious threat to the Western bloc. (Although not in Europe certainly shaped the US / Britain's approach to Russia in Europe)
-Russia annexed large parts of Eastern Europe (eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania part of eastern Finland eastern and Romania) left the US / Britain worried that it would attempt to spread further into Europe, and Britain was worried that they would attempted to dominated the Med. (internal Greek civil war between Royalists and Socialists Britain backed Royalists with money / arms).
Economic -Marshall Plan attempted to rebuild Europe under the US wing. USSR saw this as a thread to the newly gained countries; and therefore distrusted it. It clearly separated the East and West of Europe, because Stalin denied any of the Soviets to accept US aid. Whereas Greece who accepted the aid won the Civil War against Socialists (could use this as a link between paragraphs) and Italy kept out a strong socialist party with the backing of the US.
Political - Two diametrically opposed ideologies meeting in Europe in 45 inevitable that there was going to be a clash. Stalin openly stated that if he co-operated with capitalist states he was regressing communism in the USSR (ComIntern called for communist revolutions abroad)
- Yelta conference in Feb. 45 failed to agree with the USSR a way for dividing post-Second World War Europe. West wanted democratic states where ever possible, whilst the USSR wanted to keep all the land it gained to strengthen its position.
Was Tsar Nicholas to blame for the collapse of the Tsarist government?
The easiest way to answer this question is to have three paragraphs, social economic and political. answer it along the lines of how the economy for example, contributed to the collapse of the Tsarist regime then explore whether Nicholas II was influential in that factor.
I.e. politically the Tsarist regime collapsed because of poor military performance and weak government at home (he left his wife and Rasputin in Moscow to run internal affairs) therefore you can say that he was to blame for the political failure. This is a very basic paragraph you would need to explore in more depth what I’ve put above but if you did this for the economy and society and draw the conclusion from each paragraph together to give you your conclusion you should have a sound essay.
To what extent was The First World War a key turning point in the development of modern Russia between 1856-1964?
A turning point question is not as difficult as people think. Choose three factors (economy, society and politics) and analyse the change brought to these by world war one. then within each of the individual paragraphs choose 2 or 3 if coursework other significant changes and analyse which is the most important in your opinion.
For example, The First World War brought political change to Russia, First liberalising it with the Provisional Government and then tightened with Communism. The day-to-day running of the country had little change, in fact Bureaucracy increased under Communism and they could be called 'Red Tsars'. However the First World War brought a fundamental change in political thinking. It planted a seed which was not exploited to years after - but this is where it was placed in Russian soil.
The Russo-Japanese war also brought political reformation and allowed a Duma, and political parties in Russia for the first time. This was seen at the time to be taking Russia down the constitutional monarchy path. If the First World War didn't interrupt I could have been the most significant political reform.
Thirdly you could talk about the tightening of internal politics in the 1930's this led to the dominance of communism for the next 50/60 years. It tightened the party line and eliminated political factionalism (illegal in the 1920's).
basic outline of the political turning point paragraph - it needs a conclusion I would prob. agree with the Q that the FWW was the most important here as it didn't bring much physical change, but brought a change in approach.