Human Biology OCR F222, 3rd of June 2013

1. A point mutation refers to a single base in a nucleotide being replaced.
2. DNA codes for protein synthesis, this a mutated gene will code for a protein with a different shape.
3. If one amino acid is replaced in the sequence, this can affect the tertiary shape and therefore function of the protein.
4. The mutation of the BRAF protein causes the enzyme to be locked in their active state, menaing that they trigger genes for mitosis to be switche son when no extra cellular growth factor is present.
5. Inhibit means that a factor prevents the action of an enzyme either by blocking its active site or changing its tertiary structure.
6.(Wont be asked, on A2) if curious via RNA
7. NICE - The national institute for clinical excellence
8. They consider how long the treatment is taken for it to be effective, how it compares to existing drugs in terms of effectiveness, what similar conditions it can be used with, what and how bad are the side-effects, how expensive treatment is and what problems the drug may cause.

9. Age is a risk factor for some diseases (To be honest, DALY shouldn't be age-standardised... That is the point. Interesting article in Newscientist a few weeks ago.)
10. Developing countries = more cars = pollution. Genetics (Asthma). Lack of treatment in some countries. Tbh it depend son marks available.
11. Banning smoking completely, as done In 2007 in public places UK. Targeting those most at risk (certain groups). Implementing education on matter etc.
12. A risk factor is something that increases the chance (when exposed to)of a person contracting a certain illness.
13. Low view of women in some counties = fear of ostracisation.
14. Diagnoses, treatment and prevention better
15. People are exposed to less smoke from tobacco in public places. Pollution increases, people live longer so may have greater risk of contacting a disease etc.
16. People in different countries (comparing LDC to MDC) typically have different life spans anyway, so one DALY in Chad would be 3% of their life gone, where 1 DALY in Uk would be 0.75%.
17. Education about risk factors, targeting at risk groups, providing more available diagnosis and treatments opportunities.
18. Oxygen tank, a truckload of sympathy and not much else.
19. Educating about dangers of smoking, regular screening programs
- peak flow, spirometer Etc.
20. Discrimination against sufferers, not following a treatment plan, no means to disseminate informations, no available treatment centres, lack of doctors, lack of education, lack of infrastructure generally, short lifespan and conditions gradually becoming more aggravating towards respiratory disease.


Also simply to define a chronic illness : illness that cannot spread between two people and is not caused by pathogens.

Others ways an oncogene could cause cancer.

do have any last minute advice on what may come up and what the long mark question will be?

Same fir the cpr question I tslked about how cpr is done and tgen for tge med practioner I put give aspirin. Do you fink I culd get all the marks for that.

Also for the otger one I put tentanus tb and polio doyou fink thts ryte.

Also the 9 mark vaccine Q I talked about that first dose cause primary response then talked about how B and T lymphocytes made memory cells.i then said second dose boost the no. Of memory cells as it cayse tge secondary response. Do u fink id get full marks for tht.

Also for yhe diff in daly in india and uk. I put uk has better med care also less air pollutants also more people are educated also thrre is earlier detection and treatment vefire sympton increasely become worse. Do u lit gink id get full marks for that

What did you guys put for the very first question "why is complementary base pairing important?" and how does the drug inhibit bRAC gene, and how is brac gene a proto-oncogene, and lastly reasons for the similarities and difference of incidence in men an women?

What did you guys put for the very first question "why is complementary base pairing important?" and how does the drug inhibit bRAC gene, and how is brac gene a proto-oncogene, and lastly reasons for the similarities and difference of incidence in men an women?

Regards to the CPR question I'm not sure tbh, did you say the specific things they like you to say like 100bpm and lay them down on their back? I don't have a clue how you're meant to get 9 marks just on CPR tbh. Tetanus is right, TB and polio are wrong. I'm not sure if you'd get away with spelling it "tentanus" if that's really how you spelt it. You're on the right lines for the vaccine question, unfortunately I forgot to mention much about the secondary immune response being faster Did you mention clonal selection, expansion, antigen presentation, hydrogen peroxide used by T Killer Cells and B Cells differentiating into Plasma cells aswell?