A-level Chemistry Study Group 2022-2023

This might be helpful https://youtu.be/8lA7FdMwSiM

Thanks! I'm guessing this is your channel? Is this work free to access as I don't want to get you in trouble by promoting it and an exam board seeing it

> What exam board are you on? (Vote in the poll as well!)
AQA

> What bits of the course are you feeling confident with?
Year 12 Organic

> What areas are you struggling with a little?
Year 13 Organic

> Have you found any resources online that have helped you prepare?
CGP guide, PMT and Organic chemistry tutor (youtube)

I am trying new study methods and resources so please let me know if you have any recommendations

Hi everyone,

Pls can I ask for some help.

I am currently working through AS AQA paper 1 4 mark maths questions, and just cannot seem to grasp them.

Does anyone have any advice, or know of any resources to help?

pls cud u let me knw de answers to these questions!!
this is from de edexcel IAL chem October 2022 paper.

Is anyone else struggling to understand and do exam questions on Aromatics and Amines? Like I just don't understand what they are and their reactions/uses if anyone could help

Aromatics:

What they are:

Aromatics (as far as A level is concerned) are compounds that contain a benzene ring. This is basically any ring of 6 carbon atoms in which the 4th outer electron in each of these 6 carbon atoms delocalises (i.e it is shared with the 5 other carbon atoms via the overlap of the p-orbitals), adding extra stability to the ring.

Reactions:

Because of the high density of electrons, aromatics attract electrophiles. Because of the extra stability, they prefer not to undergo addition. Hence, they usually undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. With benzene, a catalyst and heating is required, because the stability of the ring is too great. With phenol and 1-aminobenzene, because the functional groups have lone pairs that add to the electron density of the ring, the electrophiles react much more easily with the ring, so a catalyst and heating are not required.

Amines:

What they are:

Amines are in my opinion, a little more difficult than aromatics. You have primary amines, in which an NH2 group is bonded to one carbon chain, secondary amines, in which an NH group is bonded to two carbon chains and tertiary amines, in which a nitrogen atom is bonded to three carbon chains.

Reactions:

Because the nitrogen atom has a lone pair, amines are capable of reacting with acids, so they are basic. In order of increasing basicity: primary < secondary < tertiary, as the carbon chains are electron donating, so the more of them that surround the nitrogen atom, the more available the lone pair is due to the increased electron density. Also because of the lone pair on the nitrogen atom, amines can act as nucleophiles, so primary and secondary amines can react with haloalkanes to form secondary and tertiary amines (nucleophilic substitution), respectively. Furthermore, primary and secondary amines can react with acyl chlorides to form N-substituted amides (nucleophilic addition-elimination).

(Note that amines should not be confused with amides, which are compounds where the nitrogen atom is bonded directly to a C=O group).

Uses:

As for the uses of amines, I assume you mean the following:

-If the amine is a diamine (i.e has 2 x -NH2 groups), then it can be used to synthesise condensation polymers.

-If the amine has been reacted in such a way that it forms a quarternary ammonium salt (i.e the nitrogen atom is surrounded by 4 alkyl groups and is now a cation), it is used to make disinfectants.

-Otherwise, assume that the amine is a precursor molecule that has uses in synthesis (you can say ‘it’s used to make pharmaceuticals’ or something).

As this isn’t a full analysis of either topic, feel free to ask about any aspects of these topics that I haven’t covered in this post.