If the sex was particularly vigorous or extended or started with you being dryer than usual, it's probably 'just' some friction soreness. Having said that, it's going to help your peace of mind if you have a check-up now. For most things, consistent condom use is going to be enough, but not everything.
If I were that uncomfortable about the idea of having unprotected sex with someone, I'd be tempted to tell him to drop the hints or I'd drop him.
In your position, you want honesty about his sexual past and present. Can you ask him? (And would you get it?)
Would he be willing to go to a sexual health clinic with you, so you can both have a check? If not, why not?